Cell as a Unit of Health and Disease

Question 1

Abundant in liver and gonads; used for steroid hormone and lipoprotein synthesis

Answer 1

Smooth endoplasmic reticulum(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 9th ed. p.6

Question 2

Synthesizes new proteins for the plasma membrane

Answer 2

Rough endoplasmic reticulum(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 9th ed. p.6

Question 3

Modifies hydrophobic compounds into water-soluble molecules

Answer 3

Smooth endoplasmic reticulum(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 9th ed. p.6

Question 4

Are intracellular organelles that contain degradative enzymes that permit the digestion of a wide-range of macromolecules, including proteins, polysaccharides, lipids, and nucleic acids

Answer 4

Lysosomes(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 9th ed. p.6

Question 5

Organelles that break down fatty acids, generating hydrogen peroxide in the process

Answer 5

Peroxisomes(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 9th ed. p.6

Question 6

Intracellular scaffolding that allows cells to adopt a particular shape and organization. Also maintains polarity.

Answer 6

Cytoskeleton(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 9th ed. p.10

Question 7

Shuttles internalized material to the appropriate site. Also directs newly synthesized materials to the cell surface or targeted organelle.

Answer 7

Endosomal vesicles(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 9th ed. p.6

Question 8

Production site of ATP and metabolic intermediates needed for anabolic metabolism

Answer 8

Mitochondria(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 9th ed. p.6

Question 9

Contain important sensors of cell damage that can initiate and regulate the process of programmed cell death.

Answer 9

Mitochondria(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 9th ed. p.6

Question 10

Water and carbon dioxide diffuse across the cell lipid bilayers through this TYPE OF DIFFUSION

Small, nonpolar molecules
hydrophobic molecules
polar molecules smaller than 75 daltons

Answer 10

Passive membrane diffusion(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 9th ed. p.9

Question 11

The process by which large molecules are exported from cells.

Answer 11

Exocytosis(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 9th ed. p.9

Question 12

The movement of endocytosed vesicles between the apical and basolateral compartments of the cell, which is how large proteins are transferred across an epithelial barrier.

Answer 12

Transcytosis(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 9th ed. p.9

Question 13

Non-coated plasma membrane invagination (“little caves”) associated with cAMP, GPI-linked molecules, SRC-family kinases, and folate receptor.

Answer 13

Caveolae(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 9th ed. p.9

Question 14

A fluid-phase process during which the plasma membrane invaginates and is pinched off to form a cytoplasmic vesicle.

Answer 14

Pinocytosis(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 9th ed. p.9

Question 15

Major uptake mechanism for macromolecules such as transferrin and LDL, which bind to receptors localized in clathrin-coated pits.

Answer 15

Receptor-mediated endocytosis(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 9th ed. p.20

Question 16

Most abundant cytosolic protein in cells.

Answer 16

Actin(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 9th ed. p. 11

Question 17

They serve as connecting cables for “molecular motor” proteins that use ATP to move vesicles, organelles, or other molecules.

Answer 17

Microtubules(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 9th ed. p. 11

Question 18

Cell junction that seal adjacent cells together, creating a barrier that restricts paracellular movement of ions and other molecules.

Answer 18

Occluding junctions (tight junctions)(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 9th ed. p. 11

Question 19

Cell junctions that mechanically attach cells and their intracellular cytoskeletons to other cells or to extracellular matrix.

Answer 19

Anchoring junctions (desmosomes) (tight junctions)(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 9th ed. p. 11

Question 20

Junctions that mediate the passage of chemical or electrical signals from one cell to another.

Answer 20

Communicating junctions (gap junctions) (TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 9th ed. p. 12

Question 21

Cell organelle that consists of stacked cisternae that progressively modify protein

Answer 21

Golgi apparatus(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 9th ed. p. 12

Question 22

Cell-cell signaling pathway: cells in immediate vicinity are affected.

Answer 22

Paracrine signaling(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 9th ed. p. 16

Question 23

Cell-cell signaling pathway: molecules secreted by a cell affect tat same cell.

Answer 23

Autocrine signaling(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 9th ed. p. 16

Question 24

Cell-cell signaling pathway: activated neurons secrete neurotransmitters at specialized cell junctions onto target cells.

Answer 24

Synaptic signaling(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 9th ed. p. 16

Question 25

Cell-cell signaling pathway: A mediator is released into the bloodstream and acts on target cells at a distance.

Answer 25

Endocrine signaling(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 9th ed. p. 16

Question 26

Vitamin D and steroid hormones are cell-permeable ligands for this type of receptor.

Answer 26

Intracellular receptors(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 9th ed. p. 16

Question 27

Its major role is to stimulate the activity of genes required for cell growth and cell division.

Answer 27

Growth factors(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 9th ed. p. 18

Question 28

Growth factor that stimulates keratinocyte migration and formation of granulation tissue

Answer 28

Epidermal growth factor(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 9th ed. p. 19

Question 29

Growth factor that stimulates proliferation of hepatocytes and other epithelial cells.

Answer 29

Transforming growth factor-alpha(TGF-a)(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 9th ed. p. 19

Question 30

Growth factor: enhances proliferation of hepatocytes and increases cell motility

Answer 30

Hepatocyte growth factor(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 9th ed. p. 19

Question 31

Growth factor: stimulates proliferation of endothelial cells and increases vascular permeability

Answer 31

Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 9th ed. p. 19

Question 32

Growth factor that is chemotactic for neutrophils, fibroblasts, and smooth muscles, and activates proliferation of fibroblasts and endothelial cells.

Answer 32

Platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) (VEGF)(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 9th ed. p. 19

Question 33

Growth factor that is chemotactic and mitogenic for fibroblasts and stimulates angiogenesis and ECM protein synthesis

Answer 33

Fibroblast growth factors (FGFs) (VEGF)(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 9th ed. p. 19

Question 34

Component of ECM responsible for the ability of tissues to recoil and recover their shape after physical deformation.

Answer 34

Elastin(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 9th ed. p. 23

Question 35

Component of ECM that confer resistance to compressive forces, also provide lubrication between bony surfaces.

Answer 35

Proteoglycan(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 9th ed. p. 23

Question 36

The most abundant glycoprotein in basement membrane.

Answer 36

Laminin(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 9th ed. p. 24

Question 37

A major component of the interstitial ECM.

Answer 37

Fibronectin(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 9th ed. p. 24

Question 38

A large family of transmembrane glycoproteins that allow cells to attach to ECM constituents, linking the intracellular cytoskeleton with the outside world.

Answer 38

Integrins(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology 9th ed. p. 24

Question 39

Sequence of events in cell cycle

Answer 39

G1/Presynthetic growth-S/DNA synthesis-G2/Premitotic growth- M/mitotic phase (TOPNOTCH) Robbins Basic Pathology, 9th ed., p.25

Question 40

Two important properties of stem cells

Answer 40

Self-renewal and assymetric division. (TOPNOTCH) Robbins Basic Pathology, 9th ed., p. 26

Question 41

Undifferentiated stem cells which are totipotent and can be induced to form specialized cells of all three germ cell layers.

Answer 41

Embryonic stem cells(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 9th ed. p. 27

Question 42

Variety of stem cell with limited repertoire of differentiated cells that they can generate.

Answer 42

Tissue stem cells(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 9th ed. p. 27

Question 43

Specialized type of "grinder" that selectively chews up denatured proteins, releasing peptides

Answer 43

Proteasomes(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 9th ed. p.6

Question 44

dispersed, transcriptionally active nuclear genetic material

Answer 44

euchromatin Robbins 9th Ed. p. 2

Question 45

densely packed, transcriptionally inactive nuclear genetic material

Answer 45

heterochromatin Robbins 9th Ed. p.2

Question 46

Transporter molecule that create hydrophilic pores, which, when open, permit rapid movement of solutes (usually restricted by size and charge)

Answer 46

Channel proteins Robbins 9th Ed. p.9

Question 47

Transport molecule that bind their specific solute and undergo a series of conformational changes to transfer the ligand across the membrane; their transport is relatively slow.

Answer 47

Carrier proteins | Robbins 9th Ed. p. 9

Question 48

stimulates the production of collagen, f tin, and proteoglycans, and it inhibits collagen degradation by both decreasing matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) activity and increasing the activity of tissue inhibitors of proteinases (TIMPs)

Answer 48

Transforming Growth Factor-β

Question 49

an antiinflammatory cytokine that serves to limit and terminate inflammatory responses.

Answer 49

Transforming Growth Factor-β