Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

PATHOLOGY LABORATORY > CELL AND TISSUES > Flashcards

CELL AND TISSUES Flashcards

1
Q

The basic structural and functional unit of life capable of performing series of physical and chemical processes necessary for their survival —metabolism

A

Cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

2 Phases of Metabolism

A
  1. Anabolism (Constructive phase)
  2. Catabolism (Destructive phase)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Anabolism (constructive phase)

A

Carbohydrate, protein, lipid, and steroid sythesis in RER and SER

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Glycolysis/glycogen breakdown in the liver and skeletal muscle to produce glucose upon action of glucagon

A

Catabolism (destructive phase)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Collective term for different substances that make up a cell

A

Protoplasm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

5 Basic Substances of Protoplasm

A
  1. Water/H2O
  2. Electrolytes
  3. Proteins
  4. Lipids
  5. Carbohydrates
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Principal fluid medium, constituting 70-85% (3/4) of cell mass

A

Water/H2O

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Provide inorganic chemical for cellular reactions

A

Electrolytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Electrolytes (most important) (2)

A
  1. Cations
  2. Anions
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Positively charged

A

Cations

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Cations contain positive charges including: (4)

A

Na+, K+, Ca++, Mg++

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Negatively charged

A

Anions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Anions contain negative charnges including: (4)

A

Cl-, HCO3-, PO4-,SO4-

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Most abundant substance next to water, constituting 10-20% of cell mass

A

Proteins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

2 Forms of proteins that gave been recognized

A
  1. Structural protein
  2. Globular protein
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Fibrillar forms

A

Structural proteins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Composed of individual protein molecules and are usually globular forms

A

Globular proteins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Most important of which are phospholipids and cholesterol, constituting 2% of cell mass; are used to form cell membrane (lipid bilayer)

A

Lipids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Constituting 70-85% (3/4) of cell mass

A

Water

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Costituting 10-20% of cell mass

A

Proteins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Constituting 2% of cell mass

A

Lipids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Under lipids is?

A

Triglycerides/neutral fats

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Storage form of lipid in fat cells

A

Triglycerides/neutral fats

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Have little structural function (glycocalyx of cell membrane) but provide most of the nutritional requirement of cell

A

Carbohydrates

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Under carbohydrates are?

A
  1. Glucose
  2. Glycogen
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Simplest form of carbohydrate for cellular metabolism and production of energy

A

Glucose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Storage form of carbohydrate in the liver, skeletal muscle (pancreas)

A

Glycogen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Parts of an Animal cell

A
  1. Cell membrane
  2. Nucleus
    a. Chromosome/chromatin granule
    b. Nucleolus
    c. Nuclear envelope
  3. Cytoplasm and its organelles
    a. Mitochondrion
    b. Lysosome and peroxisome
    c. SER/agranilar ER
    d. Free ribosome
    e. Golgi complex
    f. Centriole
  4. Cytoskeleton
    a. Microtubule
    b. Intermediate filaments
    c. Actin filaments (smallest)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Cell membrane is made up of?

A

lipid bilayer and glycocalyx

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Regulates influx and efflux of cytoplasmic substances

A

Cell membrane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Spheroidal body within a cell

A

Nucleus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Contains gene/ DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)

A

Chromosome/ chromatin granule

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Contains RNA (ribonucleic acid)

A

Nucleolus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Porous double membrane enclosing nucleoplasm contents (nucleoplasm – fluid component of nucleus)

A

Nuclear envelope

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Powerhouse; produces energy in the form of ATP (adenosine triphosphate), forming a total of 36 ATP per complete cycle

A

Mitochondrion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

_____ (as suicidal bag) and _____ (both regarded as cytoplasmic vacuoles) contain _____ and _____,respectively, enzymes which bind to and destroy microorganisms and foreign agents during phagocytosis

A

Lysosome (suicidal bag), Peroxisome, hydrolase, oxidase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

(lipid, steroid and carbohydrate syntheses)

A

SER/agranular ER

37
Q

(protein synthesis)

A

RER/granular ER

38
Q

Protein synthesis

A

Free ribosome

39
Q

As packaging center; also for synthesis of large carbohydrate molecules

A

Golgi complex

40
Q

Guides spindle fibers during mitosis and meiosis

A

Centrioles

41
Q

Protein tubules which reinforce cell shape by holding organelles in proper position and support the whole structure

A

Cytoskeletons

42
Q

For movement control and some aspect of mitosis

A

Microtubule

43
Q

(smallest)

A

Actin filaments

44
Q

Aggregate of cells with similar and coordinated functions

45
Q

Essential Components of Tissues

A
  1. Cell
  2. Intercelllular substance
  3. Junctional complex
46
Q

Junctional complex (5)

A

a. hemidesmosome
b. desmosome
c. gap junction
d. zonula adherens
e. zonula occludens/ tight junction

47
Q

Anchors cell to basement membrane

A

Hemidesmosome

48
Q

Anchors cell to cell

49
Q

Communicating junction

A

Gap junction

50
Q

Adhering junction

A

Zonula adherens

51
Q

Impemeable junction

A

Zonula occludens/tight junction

52
Q

Fiber-secreting cells in connecting tissues

A

Fibroblasts

53
Q

Classication of Tissues (4)

A
  1. Epithelial/Epithelium
  2. Connective Tissues
  3. Muscular Tissues
  4. Nervous Tissues
54
Q

2 types of Epithelium

A

a. Simple epithelium
b. Stratified epithelium

55
Q

Sheet-like tissues with a free border facing the outside environment or a body fluid

A

Epithelial/Epithelium

56
Q

Has single layer of cells; lines body cavities, tubes and ducts (mesothelium, endothelium)

A

Simple epithelium

57
Q

Has 2 or more layers; for protection (skin)

A

Stratified epithelium

58
Q

Types and Distributions: (EPI)

A

a. Simple squamous
b. Simple cuboidal
c. Simple columnar
d. Stratified squamous
e. Pseudostratified
f. Transitional

59
Q

Inner lining of blood and lymph vessels, heart, airsacs of lungs, pleura, peritoneum (mesothelium, endothelium)

A

Simple squamous

60
Q

Ducts, secretory part of small glands, retina, kidney tubules, ovaries, testes, bronchioles

A

Simple cuboidal

61
Q

Ducts, glands, gut, part of uterus, small bronchi

A

Simple columnar

62
Q

Epidermis

A

Stratified squamous

63
Q

Mid-respiratory passages (pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium – non keratinized)

A

Pseudostratified

64
Q

Renal pelvis of kidney, ureter, urinary bladder, urethra

A

Transitional

65
Q

Types of Connective Tissue Fibers (3)

A

a. collagen fibers
b. elastic fibers
c. reticular fibers

65
Q

The most abundant and widely distributed of all tissues in complex animals; connect and support other tissues (classified according to fibroblast distribution and type of fibers present

A

Connective Tissues

66
Q

Have collagens, which are long, flexible but not stretchable fiber

A

Collagen fibers

67
Q

Have elastins, which are stretchable fibers (but not strong)

A

Elastic fibers

68
Q

Have reticulins, which are similar to collagen fibers, but are thin and delicate

A

Reticular fibers

69
Q

Types and Distributions: (CT)

A

a. Soft connective:
i. Loose Connective
ii. Dense Irregular
iii. Dense Regular
b. Specialized

70
Q

Has fibers and fibroblast (secreting fibers) all loosely arranged in a semifluid ground substance

A

Loose Connective

71
Q

Has fibroblasts and many collagen fibers- on skin; forms protective capsule around organs that do not stretch much

A

Dense Irregular

72
Q

Fibroblasts occur in rows between many parallel bundles of fibers – tendon

A

Dense Regular

73
Q

Specialized:

A

Adipose, cartilage (hyaline, elastic, fibrocartilage), bone, blood, hematopoietic & lymphatic tissues, (tendon, ligament), blood vessel wall, bronchial wall, trachea

74
Q

(in all types of connective tissues, except _____, fibroblasts secrete fibers of structural proteins: ___,___,___)

A

Blood, collagen, elastin or reticulin

75
Q

Tissues capable of contraction – forceful shortening of muscle fibers in response to stimulation from the outside

A

Muscular Tissues

76
Q

Muscular Tissues contain (3)

A

a. Skeletal
b. Smooth
c. Cardiac

77
Q

(Striated, voluntary) – muscle attached to bones

A

Skeletal Muscles

78
Q

(Striated, involuntary) – muscle in myocardial layer of heart

A

Cardiac Muscles

79
Q

(Non-striated, involuntary) – gastro-intestinal, bronchial, biliary, blood vessel

A

Smooth Muscles

80
Q

(striations due to presence of _____ and _____; voluntary under _____ control; involuntary under _____ control; smooth muscle are _____; skeletal has _____; cardiac has _____ and _____)

A

A/ dark bands, I/ light bands
CNS, ANS
Fusiform/ spindle-shaped
Multinucleated cylindrical fibers
Branching fibers, Intercalated discs

81
Q

tissues which exert the greatest control over the body’s responsiveness to changing conditions (have property of _____– ability to respond to any forms of stimuli)

A

Nervous Tissues
Irritability

82
Q

Nervous Tissues (6)

A

a. Neurons
b. Neuroglia
c. Astrocytes
d. Oligodendroglia
e. Microglia
f. Schwann cells (lemocytes)

83
Q

Excitable cells which form communication lines in most of the nervous system(cell body, axon, dendrite)

84
Q

Support and protect neurons structurally and metabolically(more numerous than neurons)

85
Q

(well-developed neuroglia) – long, star-shaped cells with numerous, highly-branched processes

A

Astrocytes

86
Q

Small cells with scanty cytoplasm, surround nerve cells (oligodendrocyte – secretes myelin sheath in CNS)

A

Oligodendroglia

87
Q

Phagocytic; fixed macrophage of the brain

88
Q

Secretes myelin sheath in PNS

A

Schwann cells (lemocytes)

PATHOLOGY LABORATORY (2 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions