Cell and organ transplantation

Question 1

Transplantation

Answer 1

The grafting of tissue, usually from one individual to another

Question 2

Autograft

Answer 2

To another site on the same individual

Question 3

Isograft

Answer 3

To a genetically identical individual

Question 4

Allograft

Answer 4

To a genetically disparate member of the same species

Question 5

Xenograft

Answer 5

To a different species

Question 6

Renal transplantation

Answer 6

Operation: trauma and ischaemia

Reperfusion of ischaemic organ

Inflammation/ wound healing

Immune response against the graft

Question 7

Warm ischaemic phase of renal transplantation

Answer 7

Time from interruption of circulation to the donor organ to the time when organ is flushed with hypothermic preservation solution

Question 8

Cold ischaemic phase

Answer 8

While the organ is preserved in a hypothermic state prior to transplantation into the recipient

Question 9

HLA antibodies cause graft injury by

Answer 9

Inducing phenotypic changes in the donor vasculature

Causing endothelial cell activation, promotes recruitment of leukocytes and CD4 T cell proliferation

Question 10

Hyperacute rejection

Answer 10

Mechanism: preformed antibodies

Time line: minutes/ hours/ days

Question 11

Acute rejection

Answer 11

Mechanism: T cells

Time line: days- weeks, also later (late acute)

Question 12

Drug therapy in immunosuppression

Answer 12

Cyclosporin A, tacrolimus
- T cell inhibition

Azathioprine, MMF
- antiproliferative

Question 13

Corticosteroids block NFkB activation and achieve inhibition/ reduction of

Answer 13

Ischaemia/ reperfusion injury

Activation of APC

Inhibition of cytokine synthesis

Question 14

Triple drug therapy in immunosuppression= clinical standard

Answer 14

Cyclosporin A, tacrolimus

Azathioprine, MMF

Corticosteroids

Question 15

Chronic rejection

Answer 15

Mechanism: chronic processes, including vascular changes in the graft

Time line: weeks, months, years