Cell and Its Organelles Flashcards
1
Q
collective term for different substances that make up the cell
A
Protoplasm
2
Q
5 substances that comprise the protoplasm
A
water- 70-85%
proteins- 10-20%
lipids- 2%
carbohydrates- 1%
3
Q
type of protein present in cells mainly in the form of long, thin filaments
A
structural proteins
4
Q
use of structural proteins
A
provide contractile mechanism of all muscles
provide the “cytoskeleton” of cilia, nerve axons, and mitotic spindles
5
Q
type of protein composed of protein molecules in globular form
A
globular proteins
6
Q
example of globular proteins
A
enzymes
7
Q
2 most important lipids in cells;
are the main components of the cell membrane and intracellular membranous barriers
A
phospholipids and cholesterol
8
Q
provide the cytoskeleton of organelles;
tangled mass of filamentous tubules that holds the parts of cytoplasm and nucleoplasm
A
microtubules
9
Q
“neutral fat”
A
triglycerides
10
Q
provide inorganic chemicals for cellular reaction;
used for operation of some cellular control mechanisms
A
ions
11
Q
insoluble polymer of glucose
A
glycogen
12
Q
penetrated protein molecules that provide specialized pathways in the cell membrane
A
pores
13
Q
3 main components of the lipid bilayer
A
phospholipids
sphingolipids
cholesterol
14
Q
substances impermeable to the lipid bilayer
A
water-soluble substances:
ions
glucose
urea
15
Q
substances permeable to the lipid bilayer:
A
fat-soluble substances:
oxygen
carbon dioxide
alcohol
16
Q
amino alcohol where sphingolipids were derived
A
sphingosine
17
Q
determines the degree of perm/impermeability of the bilayer
A
cholesterol and its fluidity
18
Q
surrounds the nucleus
A
nuclear envelope
19
Q
separates the 2 parallel membranes of the nucleus
A
perinuclear cisterna
20
Q
avenues of communication between the nucleoplasm and the cytoplasm
A
nuclear pore
21
Q
parts of the nuclear pore complex (4)
A
co-axial rings
scaffold
transporter
thick filaments
22
Q
co-axial ring facing the cytoplasm
A
outer ring or cytoplasmic ring
23
Q
co-axial ring facing the nucleoplasm
A
inner ring or nucleoplasmic ring
24
Q
forms the major mass of the pore complex;
surrounds and entwines the periphery of pore
A
scaffold
25
maintains fusion of nuclear membrane;
supports the transporter;
provides diffusion of channels
scaffold
26
proteinaceous ring occupying the center of the pore;
| transport materials in and out of the nucleus
transporter
27
radiate out into the cytoplasm;
| act as staging area for protein binding to the transporter
thick filaments
28
continuous mesh of filaments imposed between the inner nuclear membrane and the peripheral heterochromatin
nuclear lamina
29
function of nuclear lamina
helps to organize and provide support to the lipid bilayer and perinuclear chromatin
30
thread-like structure composed of regularly spaced discoid subunit made up of octomers of (proteins) 2 molecules of each of four histones
chromatin
31
four histones in chromatins
H4
H3
H2A
H2B
32
condensed, inactive form of chromatin
heterochromatin
33
location of heterochromatin
periphery of the nucleus
34
unwound/extended, active form of chromatin
euchromatin
35
location of euchromatin
scattered throughout the nucleus
36
large and pale nucleus with extended chromatin
vesicular nucleus
37
small and dark nucleus with condensed chromatin
pyknoitic nucleus
38
tightly coiled clump of chromatin;
| inactive counterpart of 2X chromosomes
sex-chromatin
39
two chromatids joined to one another
chromosome
40
constricted segment that links the chromatids
centromere
41
trilaminar disc at the centriole that connects the chromosome to the spindle
kinetochore
42
portion of the protoplasm that is surrounded by the nuclear envelope
nucleoplasm
43
composition of a nucleoplasm (4)
interchromatin
perichromatin granules
ribonucleoprotein
nuclear matrix
44
structure that includes the nuclear pore, nuclear lamina complex, residual RNP network and fibrillar elements
nuclear matrix
45
dense, nonmembranous structure located eccentrically in the nucleus
nucleolus
46
four distinct areas in the nucleolus
pale staining fibrillar center
pars fibrosa
pars granulosa
nucleolar matrix
47
area of the nucleolus that contains the inactive DNA
pale staining fibrillar center
48
contains the nucleolar RNAs being transcribed
pars fibrosa
49
area where maturing ribosomal units are assembled
pars granulosa
50
network of fibers that participate in nucleolar organization
nucleolar matrix
51
molecular composition of nucleus
nitrogenous bases
phosphoric acid
deoxyribose sugar
ribose sugar
52
2 main components of cytoplasm
cytoplasmic matrix/cytosol
| structural components
53
fluid component of the cell mainly made up of water
cytosol
54
2 parts of the cytosol
ectoplasm
| endoplasm
55
part of the cytosol that is peripherally located
ectoplasm
56
part of the cytosol that is internally located containing the organelles
endoplasm
57
flattened vesicles inside the endoplasmic reticulum
cisternae
58
watery fluid medium inside the endoplasmic reticulum
endoplasmic matrix
59
composition of ribosomes (2)
ribonucleic acid
| proteins
60
composition of the small subunit of ribosomes
binding site for mRNA
P-site
A-site
61
binding site for peptidyl tRNA
P-site
62
binding site for amino acyl t-RNA
A-site
63
cluster of ribosomes
polysome/polyribosome
64
holds the cluster of ribosomes
messenger RNA
65
functions to synthesize proteins and its post-translational modification
granular/rough endoplasmic reticulum
66
synthesize fatty acids and other lipids
agranular/smooth endoplasmic reticulum
67
sequesters calcium that controls muscle contraction
agranular/smooth endoplasmic reticulum
68
one or more series of slightly curved membrane-bound cisternae
Golgi stack
69
region of the Golgi stack closest to the RER
cis-face (convex part) or entry face
70
region of the Golgi stack far from the RER
trans-face (concave part) or exit face
71
where transported vesicles from the RER are fused
cis-face
72
functions as storage and concentration of secretory products
Golgi apparatus
73
vesicular organelles that form by breaking off from the Golgi apparatus and then dispersing throughout the cytoplasm
lysosomes
74
provide an intracellular digestive system that allows the cell to digest within itself
lysosomes
75
enzyme capable of splitting an organic cmpd into 2 or more parts by combining hydrogen from water and hydroxyl portion
hydrolytic enzyme
76
controlled degradation of organelles
autophagy
77
digestion of exogenous material taken into the cell
heterophagy
78
believed to be formed through self-replication (or by budding off from the SER)
peroxisomes
79
enzymes contained in peroxisomes (3)
urate oxidase
catalase
D-amino acid oxidase
80
enzymes capable of combining oxygen with hydrogen ions from intracellular chemicals to form hydrogen peroxide
oxidases
81
formed secretory substances
secretory vesicles or secretory granules
82
infoldings of the inner membrane of the mitochondria
cristae
83
inner cavity of the mitochondrion
intercristal space
84
most common storage form of glucose (muscle cells)
glycogen
85
storage form of triglycerides
lipids
86
most common pigment
hemoglobin
87
pigment produced by melanocytes
melanin
88
indigestible, membrane bound pigment;
| remnants of lysosomal activities
lipofucsin pigment
89
cell inclusion found in steroid cells, interstitial cells, macrophage
crystals
90
meshwork of protein filaments that are responsible for the maintenance of cellular morphology
cytoskeleton
91
major function is to provide structural support for cell
intermediate filaments
92
stabilizes the shape of the cell and strengthen its attachment to other cells and to the basal lamina;
seen in epithelial cells
keratin
93
transmit the pull of contractile proteins;
| ensure a uniform distribution of tensile force out the entire smooth muscle cells
desmin
94
may provide the nucleus with mechanical support or maintain its position in the cell;
seen in cells derived from mesenchyme and fibroblast
vimentin
95
provides internal support for the nerve cell processes;
| essential for maintaining the gelated stain of the cytoplasm
neurofilament
96
filament found in the neuronal cells of the CNS
Glial filament
97
long, straight, rigid, cylindrical structures that has a rapidly growing plus and minus end
microtubules
98
microtubule-associated proteins (4)
dynein
kinesin
axonemal dynein
dynamin
99
(MAP) in the presence of ATP it moves the vesicle towards the minus end of the microtubule
dynein
100
(MAP) moves vesicles towards the plus end
kinesin
101
(MAP) serve as motor for ciliary movement
axonemal dynein
102
(MAP) form a regularly spaced cross-bridge between neighboring microtubules;
serve as the motor for sliding of some microtubules of the bundle;
results to the elongation of bundles
dynamin
103
increased unsaturation (increased kinks) in cell membrane lipids tails =
less tightly packed, more fluid
104
asymmetrically inserted in the membrane bilayer;
| interact with the phospholipids and require the use of detergents for solubilization
integral proteins
105
weakly bound to the hydrophilic regions of the specific integral proteins and can be released from them by treatment with salt solutions of high ionic strength
peripheral proteins
106
provides channels or pores through which water molecules and water-soluble substances can diffuse
integral proteins
107
acts as carrier protein for transporting substances that cannot penetrate the lipid layer
integral proteins
108
functions almost as enzymes or other types of controllers of intracellular function
peripheral proteins
109
loose carbohydrates membrane coat
glycocalyx
110
carbohydrate substances bound to small protein cores
proteoglycans
111
protects cell from interaction with inappropriate proteins from chemical and physical injuries
glycocalyx
112
diffusion within the plane of the membrane
translational diffusion
