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CELL AND TISSUE BIOLOGY > Cell and Its Organelles > Flashcards

Cell and Its Organelles Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

collective term for different substances that make up the cell

A

Protoplasm

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2
Q

5 substances that comprise the protoplasm

A

water- 70-85%
proteins- 10-20%
lipids- 2%
carbohydrates- 1%

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3
Q

type of protein present in cells mainly in the form of long, thin filaments

A

structural proteins

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4
Q

use of structural proteins

A

provide contractile mechanism of all muscles

provide the “cytoskeleton” of cilia, nerve axons, and mitotic spindles

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5
Q

type of protein composed of protein molecules in globular form

A

globular proteins

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6
Q

example of globular proteins

A

enzymes

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7
Q

2 most important lipids in cells;

are the main components of the cell membrane and intracellular membranous barriers

A

phospholipids and cholesterol

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8
Q

provide the cytoskeleton of organelles;

tangled mass of filamentous tubules that holds the parts of cytoplasm and nucleoplasm

A

microtubules

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9
Q

“neutral fat”

A

triglycerides

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10
Q

provide inorganic chemicals for cellular reaction;

used for operation of some cellular control mechanisms

A

ions

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11
Q

insoluble polymer of glucose

A

glycogen

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12
Q

penetrated protein molecules that provide specialized pathways in the cell membrane

A

pores

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13
Q

3 main components of the lipid bilayer

A

phospholipids
sphingolipids
cholesterol

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14
Q

substances impermeable to the lipid bilayer

A

water-soluble substances:
ions
glucose
urea

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15
Q

substances permeable to the lipid bilayer:

A

fat-soluble substances:
oxygen
carbon dioxide
alcohol

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16
Q

amino alcohol where sphingolipids were derived

A

sphingosine

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17
Q

determines the degree of perm/impermeability of the bilayer

A

cholesterol and its fluidity

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18
Q

surrounds the nucleus

A

nuclear envelope

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19
Q

separates the 2 parallel membranes of the nucleus

A

perinuclear cisterna

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20
Q

avenues of communication between the nucleoplasm and the cytoplasm

A

nuclear pore

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21
Q

parts of the nuclear pore complex (4)

A

co-axial rings
scaffold
transporter
thick filaments

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22
Q

co-axial ring facing the cytoplasm

A

outer ring or cytoplasmic ring

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23
Q

co-axial ring facing the nucleoplasm

A

inner ring or nucleoplasmic ring

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24
Q

forms the major mass of the pore complex;

surrounds and entwines the periphery of pore

A

scaffold

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25
Q

maintains fusion of nuclear membrane;
supports the transporter;
provides diffusion of channels

A

scaffold

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26
Q

proteinaceous ring occupying the center of the pore;

transport materials in and out of the nucleus

A

transporter

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27
Q

radiate out into the cytoplasm;

act as staging area for protein binding to the transporter

A

thick filaments

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28
Q

continuous mesh of filaments imposed between the inner nuclear membrane and the peripheral heterochromatin

A

nuclear lamina

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29
Q

function of nuclear lamina

A

helps to organize and provide support to the lipid bilayer and perinuclear chromatin

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30
Q

thread-like structure composed of regularly spaced discoid subunit made up of octomers of (proteins) 2 molecules of each of four histones

A

chromatin

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31
Q

four histones in chromatins

A

H4
H3
H2A
H2B

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32
Q

condensed, inactive form of chromatin

A

heterochromatin

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33
Q

location of heterochromatin

A

periphery of the nucleus

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34
Q

unwound/extended, active form of chromatin

A

euchromatin

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35
Q

location of euchromatin

A

scattered throughout the nucleus

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36
Q

large and pale nucleus with extended chromatin

A

vesicular nucleus

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37
Q

small and dark nucleus with condensed chromatin

A

pyknoitic nucleus

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38
Q

tightly coiled clump of chromatin;

inactive counterpart of 2X chromosomes

A

sex-chromatin

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39
Q

two chromatids joined to one another

A

chromosome

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40
Q

constricted segment that links the chromatids

A

centromere

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41
Q

trilaminar disc at the centriole that connects the chromosome to the spindle

A

kinetochore

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42
Q

portion of the protoplasm that is surrounded by the nuclear envelope

A

nucleoplasm

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43
Q

composition of a nucleoplasm (4)

A

interchromatin
perichromatin granules
ribonucleoprotein
nuclear matrix

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44
Q

structure that includes the nuclear pore, nuclear lamina complex, residual RNP network and fibrillar elements

A

nuclear matrix

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45
Q

dense, nonmembranous structure located eccentrically in the nucleus

A

nucleolus

46
Q

four distinct areas in the nucleolus

A

pale staining fibrillar center
pars fibrosa
pars granulosa
nucleolar matrix

47
Q

area of the nucleolus that contains the inactive DNA

A

pale staining fibrillar center

48
Q

contains the nucleolar RNAs being transcribed

A

pars fibrosa

49
Q

area where maturing ribosomal units are assembled

A

pars granulosa

50
Q

network of fibers that participate in nucleolar organization

A

nucleolar matrix

51
Q

molecular composition of nucleus

A

nitrogenous bases
phosphoric acid
deoxyribose sugar
ribose sugar

52
Q

2 main components of cytoplasm

A

cytoplasmic matrix/cytosol

structural components

53
Q

fluid component of the cell mainly made up of water

A

cytosol

54
Q

2 parts of the cytosol

A

ectoplasm

endoplasm

55
Q

part of the cytosol that is peripherally located

A

ectoplasm

56
Q

part of the cytosol that is internally located containing the organelles

A

endoplasm

57
Q

flattened vesicles inside the endoplasmic reticulum

A

cisternae

58
Q

watery fluid medium inside the endoplasmic reticulum

A

endoplasmic matrix

59
Q

composition of ribosomes (2)

A

ribonucleic acid

proteins

60
Q

composition of the small subunit of ribosomes

A

binding site for mRNA
P-site
A-site

61
Q

binding site for peptidyl tRNA

A

P-site

62
Q

binding site for amino acyl t-RNA

A

A-site

63
Q

cluster of ribosomes

A

polysome/polyribosome

64
Q

holds the cluster of ribosomes

A

messenger RNA

65
Q

functions to synthesize proteins and its post-translational modification

A

granular/rough endoplasmic reticulum

66
Q

synthesize fatty acids and other lipids

A

agranular/smooth endoplasmic reticulum

67
Q

sequesters calcium that controls muscle contraction

A

agranular/smooth endoplasmic reticulum

68
Q

one or more series of slightly curved membrane-bound cisternae

A

Golgi stack

69
Q

region of the Golgi stack closest to the RER

A

cis-face (convex part) or entry face

70
Q

region of the Golgi stack far from the RER

A

trans-face (concave part) or exit face

71
Q

where transported vesicles from the RER are fused

A

cis-face

72
Q

functions as storage and concentration of secretory products

A

Golgi apparatus

73
Q

vesicular organelles that form by breaking off from the Golgi apparatus and then dispersing throughout the cytoplasm

A

lysosomes

74
Q

provide an intracellular digestive system that allows the cell to digest within itself

A

lysosomes

75
Q

enzyme capable of splitting an organic cmpd into 2 or more parts by combining hydrogen from water and hydroxyl portion

A

hydrolytic enzyme

76
Q

controlled degradation of organelles

A

autophagy

77
Q

digestion of exogenous material taken into the cell

A

heterophagy

78
Q

believed to be formed through self-replication (or by budding off from the SER)

A

peroxisomes

79
Q

enzymes contained in peroxisomes (3)

A

urate oxidase
catalase
D-amino acid oxidase

80
Q

enzymes capable of combining oxygen with hydrogen ions from intracellular chemicals to form hydrogen peroxide

A

oxidases

81
Q

formed secretory substances

A

secretory vesicles or secretory granules

82
Q

infoldings of the inner membrane of the mitochondria

A

cristae

83
Q

inner cavity of the mitochondrion

A

intercristal space

84
Q

most common storage form of glucose (muscle cells)

A

glycogen

85
Q

storage form of triglycerides

A

lipids

86
Q

most common pigment

A

hemoglobin

87
Q

pigment produced by melanocytes

A

melanin

88
Q

indigestible, membrane bound pigment;

remnants of lysosomal activities

A

lipofucsin pigment

89
Q

cell inclusion found in steroid cells, interstitial cells, macrophage

A

crystals

90
Q

meshwork of protein filaments that are responsible for the maintenance of cellular morphology

A

cytoskeleton

91
Q

major function is to provide structural support for cell

A

intermediate filaments

92
Q

stabilizes the shape of the cell and strengthen its attachment to other cells and to the basal lamina;
seen in epithelial cells

A

keratin

93
Q

transmit the pull of contractile proteins;

ensure a uniform distribution of tensile force out the entire smooth muscle cells

A

desmin

94
Q

may provide the nucleus with mechanical support or maintain its position in the cell;
seen in cells derived from mesenchyme and fibroblast

A

vimentin

95
Q

provides internal support for the nerve cell processes;

essential for maintaining the gelated stain of the cytoplasm

A

neurofilament

96
Q

filament found in the neuronal cells of the CNS

A

Glial filament

97
Q

long, straight, rigid, cylindrical structures that has a rapidly growing plus and minus end

A

microtubules

98
Q

microtubule-associated proteins (4)

A

dynein
kinesin
axonemal dynein
dynamin

99
Q

(MAP) in the presence of ATP it moves the vesicle towards the minus end of the microtubule

A

dynein

100
Q

(MAP) moves vesicles towards the plus end

A

kinesin

101
Q

(MAP) serve as motor for ciliary movement

A

axonemal dynein

102
Q

(MAP) form a regularly spaced cross-bridge between neighboring microtubules;
serve as the motor for sliding of some microtubules of the bundle;
results to the elongation of bundles

A

dynamin

103
Q

increased unsaturation (increased kinks) in cell membrane lipids tails =

A

less tightly packed, more fluid

104
Q

asymmetrically inserted in the membrane bilayer;

interact with the phospholipids and require the use of detergents for solubilization

A

integral proteins

105
Q

weakly bound to the hydrophilic regions of the specific integral proteins and can be released from them by treatment with salt solutions of high ionic strength

A

peripheral proteins

106
Q

provides channels or pores through which water molecules and water-soluble substances can diffuse

A

integral proteins

107
Q

acts as carrier protein for transporting substances that cannot penetrate the lipid layer

A

integral proteins

108
Q

functions almost as enzymes or other types of controllers of intracellular function

A

peripheral proteins

109
Q

loose carbohydrates membrane coat

A

glycocalyx

110
Q

carbohydrate substances bound to small protein cores

A

proteoglycans

111
Q

protects cell from interaction with inappropriate proteins from chemical and physical injuries

A

glycocalyx

112
Q

diffusion within the plane of the membrane

A

translational diffusion

CELL AND TISSUE BIOLOGY (1 decks)

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