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PHYSIO > Cell And Cell Transport > Flashcards

Cell And Cell Transport Flashcards

1
Q

What are the roles of the cell membrane?

A. Maintain sufficient amount of molecules within the cell.
B. Regulated uptake and release of ions.
C. Regulate bidirectional transmission of signals
D. Compartmentalization

A

AOTA

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2
Q

There is both fluid outside and inside the cell? T/F

A

T

Intracellular and interstitial fluid

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3
Q

It composes of 15% of body weight.

A

Interstitial fluid

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4
Q

It composes of 40% body weight

A

Intracellular fluid

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5
Q

How much does blood plasma comprise in terms of body weight

A

5%

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6
Q

Where is the greatest amount of fluid found in the body?

A

Intracellular cell

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7
Q

Extracellular fluid is made up of 2 parts. Enumerate.

A

Interstitial fluid
Blood plasma

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8
Q

Extracellular fluid is _____ of body weight

A

20%

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9
Q

Mores:

Water comes inside the body via stomach and intestines.
Water comes out of the body via lungs.
We loose fluid by sweat and kidneys.
We loose fluid by stool.

A

T - eat or drink
T
T - sweat
F - no significant fluid lose as intestines are good in reabsorption

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10
Q

Ion that is mostly found in intracellular?

A

POTASSIUM

remember: POTASSIUM IN
SODIUM OUT

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11
Q

Which has higher amount of Na+, outside or inside the cell?

A

Out

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12
Q

Other molecules that intracellular fluid contain in large amount?

A

K+
Proteins
Misc. Protreins

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13
Q

Bicarbonate has higher amount inside or outside the cell?

A

Out

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14
Q

Mass ratio of protein to lipid of CM

A

1:1

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15
Q

Structure of cell membrane. Symmetrical or asymmetrical?

A

Assy.

Because proteins have unique differentiations

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16
Q

CM thickness

A

7.5 to 10nm

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17
Q

Main components of CM

A

Phospholipid
Cholesterol
Protein
Carbohydrates chain

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18
Q

Composed of 4 fused carbon rings and located in the core of the membrane.

A

Cholesterol

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19
Q

Carbohydrates can only be seen in the surface of the membrane. T/F

NOT SURE DITO MEDYO MISLEADING UNG TANONG

A

T

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20
Q

Carbs are only attached to lipids and protein along the extracellular side. T/F

A

T

Forming glycoproteins and glycolipids

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21
Q

Phospholipids

A

Main fabric of membrane

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22
Q

Integral proteins located

A

May or May not be seen through and through the membrane. It is embedded.

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23
Q

Peripheral proteins location

A

Found in the outer surface or embedded in the hydrophilic head of the membrane. NOT in its hydrophobic core.

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24
Q

Cell membrane comprises of ____ amount of lipids.

A

40%

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25
Q

Types of lipids found in the cell membrane.

A

Phospholipids
Cholesterol
Other lipids

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26
Q

% of phospholipids in the CM

A

25%

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27
Q

% of cholesterol in CM

A

13%

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28
Q

% of other lipids in CM

A

4%

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29
Q

Role of cholesterol in CM

A

Maintains membrane permeability and fluidity.
Stabilize normal body tempt

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30
Q

2 parts of phospholipid layer of CM

A

Inner and outer leaflet

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31
Q

Enumerate the phospholipid found in the inner and outer leaflet.

A

Outer
- phosphatidylcholine
- sphingomyelin

Inner
- phosphotidylethanolamine
- phosphotidylserine
- phosphotidylinositol

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32
Q

Does CM contain TG?

A

None

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33
Q

Only ____________ substances can cross the CM as they can dissolve in the hydrophobic layer.

A

Lipid - soluble

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34
Q

Lipid soluble molecules

A

02, CO2, steroid hormones

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35
Q

Cholesterol can be found in both leaftlets. T/F

A

T

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36
Q

Integral proteins are anchored to the membrane by what forces?

A

Van der waals forces & hydrophobic interactions

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37
Q

Peripheral proteins

A

Loosely attached proteins in the cell membrane

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38
Q

Integral proteins : hydrophobic bonds & van der waals/electrostatic forces

Peripheral proteins : _______

A

Covalent bond

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39
Q

Major functions if membrane proteins

A

Receptors
Enzymes
Channels
Gated channels
Cell - identity marker
Cell - adhesion molecule

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40
Q

Binds to chemical messengers such as hormones and neurotransmitters.

A

Receptors

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41
Q

Enzyme

A

Breakdown the chemical messengers to stop its effect

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42
Q

A protein that allows entry of solutes anytime or constantly into the cell.

A

Channel (open channel)

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43
Q

Gated channel

A

Only allow certain solutes to enter the cell

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44
Q

Cell identity marker

A

Glycoprotein that identify whether the cell trying to enter is foreign or not.

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45
Q

Protein that binds one cell to another

A

Cell adhesion molecule (CAMP)

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46
Q

Enumerate the 3 Major classes of plasma membrane transporters. Give example.

A

Pores - water channel (AQ1)
Channels - shaker K+ channels
Carriers - glucose transporter (GLUT1)

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47
Q

A major plasma membrane transporters that is continously open

A

Pores

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48
Q

Major class of plasma membrane transporters that is intermittently open

A

Channels

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49
Q

Major class of plasma membrane transporters that is NEVER open due to cycles of conformational changes.

A

Carrier

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50
Q

The fastest of all the plasma transporters

A

Pores

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51
Q

The slowest PM transporter

A

Carriers - they carry heavy molecules

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52
Q

State the PM transporters according to fastest to slowest.

A

Pores > channels > carriers

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53
Q

What are the functions of carbohydrates located at the surface of the CM?

A

Physical barrier - repelling negatively charged objects on the surface

Cell adhesion - glycocalyx of some cell bind to other glycocalyx of another.

Cell signaling - hormones bind to receptor sites such as insulin.

Cell recognition - aid in immune response to identify foreign bodies.

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54
Q

Cluster of lipids and proteins that have diff stru9cture, composition, and function from the rest of the cells in the membrane.

A

Membrane microdomains

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55
Q

These are unique proteins and lipids that regulate signaling pathways by providing a concentrated enriched microenvironment for lipids and proteins.

A

Membrane micrdomain

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56
Q

2 examples of membrane microdomain

A

Rafts
Caveolae

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57
Q

Differentiate raft from caveolae

A

Rafts- cholesterol and saturated lipids. Highly structured. Distinct from surrounding disordered instantiated lipids.

Caveolae - uncoated cell surface invagination. Main role is for endocytosis.

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58
Q

Protein found in caveolae

A

Caveolin

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59
Q

B =1

A

Molecule dissolves equally easy in water and lipids

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60
Q

B > 1

A

Molecule is MORE easily dissolved in lipid bilayer

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61
Q

B < 1

A

Molecule dissolves LESS easily in lipid bilayer

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62
Q

Movement of water between the ICF (intracellular fluid) and ECF
(extracellular fluid) compartments, across cell membranes, occurs
through _________ _

A

Aquaporins

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63
Q

The driving force for this water movement between ICF and ECF.

A

osmotic pressure difference 📖

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64
Q

Principal lipid components plasma membrane

A

Phospholipids and cholesterol

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65
Q

Collectively, these glycolipids and glycoproteins form the

A

Glycocalyx

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66
Q

Tucked between the hydrophobic tails of the
membrane phospholipids

A

Cholesterol

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67
Q

(plays an important role in signal transduction

A

Phosphotydylinositol

68
Q

One important function of these is to segregate signaling molecules

A

Rafts

69
Q

How to maximize the amount of particles over time

A

○ Less thick wall
○ Small MW molecules – faster diffusion rate (Graham’s Law)
○ Increased P1 (pressure at position 1)
○ Increased (surface) area

70
Q

Talks about the amount of particles moving over time

A

Fick’s law

71
Q

Henry’s Law

A

increased pressure (P1), increased solubility

72
Q

Graham’s Law

A

lower 𝑀𝑊, increased diffusion rate

73
Q

“Net Rate” of particles moving through an area

A

V/A = Flux

74
Q

Gradient

A

Change in pressure (“particles in a volume”) over a distance

75
Q

diffusion coefficient considers the thermal energy of the molecule,
its size, and the viscosity of the medium through which diffusion is
taking place. T/F

A

T

76
Q

the more lipid soluble the molecule is, meaning
the partition coefficient is greater than 1, the larger partition coefficient,
and also the diffusion coefficient. T/F

A

T

77
Q

Aka Electrochemical Potential Difference

A

Electrochemical gradient

78
Q

2 components of electrochemical gradient

A

Chemical potential difference
Electrical potential difference

79
Q

energy or the driving force that is caused changes or differences in the concentration gradient for X across the membrane

A

Chemical potential difference

80
Q

energy associated with moving charged molecules

A

Electrical potential difference

81
Q

What protein coats the pits of the endocytic vesicles for
receptor-mediated endocytosis:
a) Clathrin
b) Dynamin
c) Caveolin
d) Actin

A

A

82
Q

What is a true statement regarding cell membrane phospholipids?
a) Their polar headed are on the outer surfaces
b) Their mass ratio with proteins is 2:1
c) They asymmetrically arranged
d) They comprise 60% of membrane components

A

A

83
Q

Which cell transport always allows free flow of molecules across the
cell membrane?
a) Facilitated diffusion through carrier
b) Diffusion through protein channels
c) Diffusion through the lipid bilayer
d) Secondary co-transport through carriers

A

C

84
Q

The perinuclear space connects to the
a) Smooth endoplasmic reticulum
b) Cell membrane
c) Golgi apparatus
d) Rough endoplasmic reticulum

A

D

85
Q

The predominant negatively charged molecule in the extracellular fluid
is:
a) Sodium
b) Protein (negatively charged but not predominant)
c) Bicarbonate (negatively charged but not predominant)
d) Chloride

A

D

86
Q

Thin filaments:
a) Compose the centrioles and mitotic spindles
b) Gives strength and support to microtubules
c) Are desmin filaments in muscle cells
d) Provide elastic support for the cell membrane

A

D

87
Q

facilitated by membranes so that different organelles may perform different functions

A

Compartmentalization

88
Q

● The eukaryotic cell is divided into two main compartments:

A

Nucleus & cytoplams

89
Q

Most important organelle of the cell

A

Nucleus

90
Q

A highly specialized organelle that serves as the information processing
and administrative center of the cell

A

Nucleus

91
Q

All human cells have a nucleus, except mature human red blood cells and
cells within the lens of the eyes. T/F

A

T

92
Q

semifluid matrix found inside the nucleus containing the chromatin

A

Nucleoplasm

93
Q

tightly wrapped DNA-protein chain around DNA-binding proteins (i.e. histones

A

Nucleosome

94
Q

The DNA is combined with proteins and organized into a precise,
compact structure, a dense string-like fiber called _________.

A

Chromatin

95
Q

6 feet of DNA, divided into 46 individual molecules

A

Chromosomes

96
Q

Membraneless organelle within the nucleus that has the main function
of manufacturing ribosomes

A

Nucleolus

97
Q

→Site of ribosomal RNA transcription and assembly of ribosomal
subunits.

A

Nucleolus

98
Q

How is mRNA transported outside the nucleolus?

A

Nuclear pores

99
Q

Double-layered membrane that encloses the contents of the nucleus
during most of the cell’s life cycle

A

Nuclear membrane

100
Q

The space between the layers of the nuclear envelope is called _____

A

Perinuclear space

101
Q

perinuclear space of the nuclear envelope appears to connect with the rough endoplasmic reticulum. T/F

A

T

102
Q

Tiny holes that regulate the passage of molecules between the nucleus and cytoplasm

A

Nuclear pores

103
Q

meshwork that provides mechanical strength to the nucleus

A

Nuclear lamina

104
Q

Inner lining of the nuclear envelope is coated in a protein called _____

A

Nuclear lamina

105
Q

Cytoplasmic proteins and signaling molecules for the nucleus require a
nuclear-localization sequence to gain entry. T/ F

A

T

106
Q

Main export of the nucleus used for protein synthesis.

A

RNA transcripts

107
Q

● Product of the nucleolus inside the nucleus. 💬
● Micro-machine for making proteins

A

Ribosomes

108
Q

Type of ribosome that is important in translation of mRNA into cytosolic proteins

A

Free ribosomes

109
Q

Type of ribosome that gives the granular appearance of the rough
endoplasmic reticulum.

A

Bound ribosome

110
Q

After a ribosome performes it’s task it disintegrate. T/F

A

T

111
Q

Functions of ribosomes

A

Translate information
Link amino acid sequences
Export polypeptides

112
Q

Group of membranes and organelles in eukaryotic cells that work together
to modify, package, and transport lipids and proteins

A

Endomembrane system

113
Q

Network of tubular structures in ER is called ______

A

Cisternae

114
Q

Site of protein synthesis

A

Rough endoplasmic reticulum

115
Q

Centrally located near the nucleus

A

RER

116
Q

Er that is near the cell periphery

A

Smooth RER

117
Q

Main function is lipid synthesis and calcium storage

A

SER

118
Q

Other functions of SER

A
  1. Mobilization of glucose
    from glycogen
  2. Calcium storage
  3. Drug detoxification
  4. Synthesis of lipids
119
Q

Four or more stacked layers of thin, flat, enclosed vesicles

A

Golgi apparatus

120
Q

Function is to take in secretory vesicles in the cis region and pinches off in the trans region

A

Golgi apparatus

121
Q

Where is lysosomes created?

A

Golgi app

122
Q

Function is to digest materials. Extremely acidic environment and contains 40 different hydrolase (digestive enzymes).

A

Lysosomes

123
Q

Specific vesicles that bring materials to the lysosomes.

A

Endosomes

124
Q

How are materials brought in the golgi. Process.

A

Microautophagy & macroautophagy

125
Q

Specific to protein degradation

A

Proteases

126
Q

serves as a degradation signal for numerous target proteins

A

Ubequitin

127
Q

antitumor activity (bortezomib)

A

Inhibitor of proteasome

128
Q

Function is to Detoxification of substances, and catabolism of long chain fatty acids. Contains oxidative enzymes

A

Peroxisomes

129
Q

Site of β oxidation of fatty acid molecules and catabolism of D-amino
acids, polyamines and bile acids

A

Peroxisomes

130
Q

Site of oxygen-dependent ATP production: oxidative phosphorylation

A

Mitochondria

131
Q

It maintains and replicates its own genome: makes up the mitochondrial DNA that is passed from mother to offspring

A

Mitochondria

132
Q

Mitochondria can serve as a reservoir for intracellular calcium (Ca2+). T/F

A

T

133
Q

plays a central role in the process called apoptosis or programmed cell death

A

Mitochondria

134
Q

3 types of cytoskeleton

A

Thin filaments
Microtubules
Intermediate filaments

135
Q

→Smallest; most abundant protein.

Main function: ELASTIC SUPPORT

A

THin filaments

136
Q

stiff filament
➢Serve as a tubular skeletal structure in the center of each
cilium (e.g. sperm cell)
➢Compose both the centrioles and mitotic spindles of cells
undergoing mitosis
➢Act as a cytoskeleton, providing rigid physical structures for
certain parts of cells
➢Serve as the conveyor belts

A

Microtubules

137
Q

→Strong ropelike filaments that often work together with
microtubules, providing strength and support for the fragile tubulin
structures. (Mechanical function)

A

Intermediate filaments

138
Q

build a seal between adjacent cells and are connected to actin filaments.

A

Tight junctions

139
Q

plaques of classical cadherins linked to the actin cytoskeleton.

A

Adherent junctions

140
Q

desmosomal cadherins, linked to intermediate filaments.

A

Desmosomes

141
Q

→Allow connection between the cytoplasm of two cells that are
adjacent to each other
→Helps in signaling between the cells

A

Gap junctions

142
Q

2 cell-matrix junctions that are formed by integrins

A

Focal adhesion (linked to actin) and hemi-desmosomes (linked to intermediate filament)

143
Q

Junctions between a cell and the extracellular matrix

A

Cell-matrix junction

144
Q

Cellular uptake of cholesterol,
removal of receptors from the
plasma membrane, uptake of small
molecules and water into the cell,
internalization of large particles
(e.g., bacteria, cell debris)

A

Endosomes

145
Q

Kinesins

A

a.k.a workhorses of the cell
Functions for transport and aids in cell replication

146
Q

Kinesins transport their vesicle cargos in what direction

A

Orthograde difection

147
Q

Together with kinesins, provide the force necessary to move
membrane-bound organelles through the cytoplasm along the
microtubular tracks.

A

Cytoplasmic dynein

148
Q

What is the direction of cargo of cytoplasmic dynein

A

Retrograde

149
Q

Kinesins: _______
Cytoplasmic dynein: retrograde direction

A

Orthograde direction

150
Q

Axonemal dynein

A

Drives the movement of the cilium

151
Q

Supplemental fluids are used in intravenous therapy to restore or maintain
normal fluid volume and electrolyte balance when the oral route may not
be possible

A

Intravenous solutions

152
Q

have the same concentration of solutes as blood plasma

A

Isotonic

153
Q

have lesser concentration of solutes than plasma

A

Hypotinic

154
Q

have greater concentration of solutes than plasma

A

Hypertonic

155
Q

Most IV fluids are isotonic. T/F

A

T

156
Q

IV fluids Do not alter the osmolality of the vascular compartment. T/F

A
157
Q

3 examples of isotonic fluids

A

NSS
D5W
Lactated ringers solution

158
Q

Solution of choice for expanding the extracellular fluid (ECF) volume
because it does not enter the intracellular fluid (ICF)

A

NSS

159
Q

Not usually used to replace electrolytes; but it is used to keep the veins
open (only if the IV fluid run at a very slow rate so that intermittently IV
medications can be injected through those lines)

A

D5W

160
Q

Used to correct dehydration, sodium depletion, replace Gl tract fluid
losses and can also be used in fluid losses due to burns, fistula drainage,
and trauma

A

Lactated ringers solution

161
Q

Designed to be the near-physiological solution of balanced electrolytes
○ Contains

A

Lactated ringers solution

162
Q

Electrolyte solutions are considered isotonic if the total electrolyte content
is approximately

A

310 mEq/L

163
Q

The perinuclear space connects to the:
a) Rough endoplasmic reticulum
b) Smooth endoplasmic reticulum
c) Golgi apparatus
d) Cell membrane

A

A

164
Q

Thin filaments:
a) Are the desmin filaments in muscle cells
b) Compose the centrioles and mitotic spindles
c) Gives strength and support to the microtubules
d) Provide elastic support for the cell membrane

A

D

165
Q

Thin filaments are usually found in

A. Mesoplasm
B. Ectoplasm

A

B

PHYSIO (3 decks)

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