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Cell and Cell theory Flashcards

1
Q

What are the general functions of a cell

A

Regulation of internal environment
Acquisition of utilization of energy
Responsiveness to its environment
Protection and support

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2
Q

how does a cell regulate its internal environment

A

Homeostasis
- organisms ability to keep a constant internal state
- important because most cells of an organisms require a specific set of conditions to function normally

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3
Q

how does a cell acquire and utilize energy

A

Chemical energy is stored in the bonds present in food molecules, and it will be converted by the cells into more usable forms

energy is needed by various cells to perform their functions

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4
Q

how does a cell respond to their environment and give an example

A

a cell must first be able to determine the changes that have taken place before deciding the necessary responsiveness that ill ultimately result in the maintenance of normal internal conditions

Ex: tanned skin means more pigment is released in that area to impart protection to the underlying cells especially radiation that can damage DNA

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5
Q

How do cells protect themselves

A

Immune cells impart protection against pathogens and other foreign bodies that may enter the general circulation

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6
Q

Who invented the first primitive microscope

A

Zacharias Janssen

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7
Q

Who observed cork cells under a microscope

A

Robert Hooke

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8
Q

Who disproved the spontaneous generation theory

A

Francesco Redi

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9
Q

Who observed microorganisms by using his own practical microscope

A

Anton van Leeuwenhoek

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10
Q

Who proposed that all plants are composed of cells

A

Matthias Schleiden

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11
Q

Who proposed that all animals are composed of cells

A

Theodor Schwann

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12
Q

Who proposed that all cells come from preexisting cells

A

Rudolf Virchow

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13
Q

What are the three principles of cell theory

A

every living organisms consists of one or more cells. Organisms may be unicellular or multicellular based on their level of proximity

the cell is the fundamental unit of life. it is the smallest structural and functional unit in all organisms

Cells come from pre-existing cells. cells contain hereditary material, which they pass to their daughter cells when they divide

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14
Q

What are the main divisions/regions of the animal cell

A
  • cell (plasma) membrane

Protoplasm
- Nucleus
- Cytoplasm

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15
Q

What are the main regions of the plant cell

A

Rough endoplasmic reticulum
Smooth endoplasmic Reticulum
Golgi apparatus
Chloroplast
Vacuole
Plasma Membrane
Mitochondria
Cell wall
Microbody
Ribosomes
Nucleus

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16
Q

What is the plasma mebrane

A

it separates the cytoplasm from the external environment

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17
Q

what does the plasma membrane compromise of

A

phospholipids
cholesterol
membrane proteins
glycolipids
glycoproteins

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18
Q

What do phospholipids in the Plasma membrane consist of

A

Head region
- phosphate group
- hydrophilic
Tail region
- two fatty acid chains
- hydrophobic

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19
Q

What is the phospholipid bilayer

A

made up of phospholipids
two phospholipid layers
- phosphate heads face the cytoplasm and the cell’s exterior
- fatty acid tails are sandwhiched

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20
Q

what is the fluid mosaic model

A

it describes the plasma membrane structure
- its a mosaic of different molecules such as proteins, sugar, and cholesterol
- fluidity due to its natural viscosity

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21
Q

how is membrane fluidity determined

A

by the kinks in the fatty acid tails of the phospholipids

the cholesterol molecules which act as regulators of fluidity

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22
Q

What is selective permeability in the lipid bilayer

A

its an important property in which it only allows certain molecules to move into and out of the cell

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23
Q

what are the roles of the membrane proteins

A

transport proteins in the membrane may either be in the form of carrier proteins or channel proteins

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24
Q

What are the type of of membrane proteins

A

channel proteins

carrier proteins

cell recognition proteins

receptor proteins

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25
what is the role of channel proteins
they are the passageways of certain molecules
26
what is the role of carrier proteins
they change conformation to transport molecules
27
what is the role of cell recognition proteins
They detect invading pathogens
28
What is the role of receptor proteins
they bind molecules to trigger responses
29
What is the cytoskeleton
it consists of a network of protein fibers that give the cell its STRUCTURAL FRAMEWORK also serves the functions of the movement of organelles, macromolecules, and chromosomes
30
what are the three principal components of the cytoskeleton
microtubules microfilaments intermediate filaments
31
What are microtubules
They consist of helically arranged globular proteins called tubulin it radiates from the centrosomes form spindle fibers that move chromosomes
32
what is tubulin
the globular proteins in microtubules
33
what are microfilaments in the cytoskeleton
they consist of long fibers of actin protein, making them the thinnest cytoskeleton
34
what is the role of microfilaments
they help facilitate cell and organelle movement they can help change the shape of the cell
35
what are intermediate filaments
helps maintain cell shape anchors the nucleus
36
what is the role of intermediate filaments
they provide structural integrity to the plasma membrane
37
What is the cytoplasm
this is where all different subcellular structures are suspended composed of cytosol helps keep organelles in place
38
what is cytosol
a semifluid solution that consists of water and inorganic and organic molecules
39
what does cytoplasm consist of
Cytosol
40
What is the cell wall and its function
its a rigid structure that surrounds the cell membrane helps maintain the shape of the cell and prevent them from bursting
41
what is the function of the cell wall (animal and plant)
helps maintain the shape of cells and prevent them from bursting in plant cells the cell walls prevent the cell from bursting should excess water be absorbed
42
what are the structural components of the cell wall
PEPTIDOGLYCAN most bacteria have a cell wall of peptidoglycan CHITIN the cell wall in some fungi consists of chitin CELLULOSE FIBERS in plant cells, the cell wall consists of mesh-like cellulose fibers
43
this major organelle is composed of hydrophilic heads and hydrophobic tails
Phospholipid bilayer
44
it is a group of membrane proteins that change their shape to be able to transport substances into and out of the cell
membrane proteins
45
what is the endosymbiotic theory
double membrane of mitochondria and chloroplasts large eukaryotic cell engulfed in prokaryote mitochondria and chloroplasts have their own genetic material results of invagination
46
what is endosymbiosis
process by which one organism lives inside the cells of another organism in a mutually beneficial relationship
47
explain the process of endosymbiosis
1. a cell (host) swallows a smaller cell (the symbiont) but doesnt digest it 2. the small cell survives inside the host and starts helping it, often by providing energy or other benefits 3. both cells benefit: the host gets useful services, and the small cell gets a safe place to live 4. over time, the small cell shares some of its genetic material with the host, leading to a deeper integration 5. eventually, the small cell becomes part of the host cell's machinery
48
What are the three groups if the organelles of the cell
Genetic control of the cell (nucleus and ribosomes) Endomembrane system (endoplasmic reticulum, golgi bodies, lysosomes, peroxisomes, vacuoles) Energy houses (mitochondria and chloroplast)
49
What are the genetic controls of the cell
Nucleus Ribosome
50
what is the structure of the nucleus
this is a prominent, usually oval structure in the eukaryotic cell located in almost the center of the cell
51
what are the parts of the nucleus
NUCLEOPLASM semifluid matrix NUCLEAR ENVELOPE separates the nucleus from the cytoplasm NUCLEAR PORES permit the passage of ribosomal subunits and mRNA out of the nucleus into the cytoplasm
52
function of ribosomes
ribosomes are the organelles that use instructions from the nucleus, written in mRNA to build proteins
53
What are the types of ribosomes
FREE RIBOSOMES found in the cytosol BOUND RIBOSOMES are attached to the outside of the endoplasmic reticulum or nuclear envelope
54
what is the endoplasmic system
network of membranes that helps with making and moving important substances
55
parts of the endomembrane system
endoplasmic reticulum golgi bodies lysosomes peroxisome vacuoles
56
what are the two types of endoplasmic reticulum
Rough ER smooth ER
57
what is the rough ER and its role
the rough ER has thousands of ribosomes attached to the outer surface which give this organelle a "rough" appearance their main role is to produce proteins
58
what is the smooth ER and its function
does not have attached ribosomes this organelle produces lipids
59
what is the function of the golgi body
they serve functions similar to a warehouse and processing center, processing products of the
60
What is the function of Lysosomes
DIGEST FOOD They contain active hydrolytic enzymes food vacuoles fuse with lysosome hydrolytic enzyme digest the food particles BREAK DOWN DAMAGED ORGANELLES Lysosomes fuse with vesicle containing damaged organelle hydrolytic enzymes digest organelle components
61
What is the function of peroxisomes
They contain enzymes and serve as metabolic assistance to organelles and specialize in synthesizing and breaking down lipids
62
What is knows as the powerhouse of the cell
Mitochondria
63
what is a chloroplast
its an organelle unique to plant and algae cells performs photosynthesis
64
this organelle specializes in synthesizing and breaking down lipids
Peroxisome
65
these allow the exchange of materials through the nuclear envelope
Nuclear pores
66
what are the digestion centers of the cell
lysosomes vacuoles peroxisome
67
What are the differences between animal cell and plant cell
PLANT CELL - cell wall - chloroplast - large vacuole - small amt of mitochondria ANIMAL CELL - no cell wall - no chloroplast - small vacuole - a lot of mitochondria
68
what are the energy houses of the cell
mitochondria chloroplast
69
what are the genetic controls of the cell
nucleus ribosome
70
which organelles are part of the endomembrane system
smooth/rough ER golgi apparatus/bodies lysosome peroxisome vacuole
71
This is the cell wall of most bacteria
Peptidoglycan
72
this is the cell wall in fungi
chitin
73
this is the cell wall of plant cells
cellulose fibers
74
what is peptidoglycan
cell wall in most bacteria
75
what is chitin
cell wall of fungi
76
what is cellulose fibers
cell wall of plant cells
77

General Biology (1 decks)

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