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Block Two Cell Bio > Cell Anatomy > Flashcards

Cell Anatomy Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Cell anatomy

A

look at appearance position of various parts materials that comprise each part, and their location; constituents and apperance, blue print of cell how to fit things together inside/ how do things move around cell

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2
Q

Overview of cell anatomy

A
  1. How to visualize internal structure (fluorescent-based microscopy techniques) and electron microscopy
  2. What structures exist within a cell
    - organells
    - cytoskeleton (filaments and associated proteins)
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3
Q

To visualize internal structures of cells

A

problems: cells and their constituets are small and colorless
solution:
- need something that can resolve structures (<10um)
-means to provide contrast and make structure visible

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4
Q

light microscopy

A

relies on glass lenses and light, resolution of ~.2um; can do live or fixed cells, straightforward prep, cheap, non-destructive to cells

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5
Q

Electron microscopy

A

relies on electron beams and electromagnets as lenses; resolution of less than ~.1nm; more expensive, prep takes longer and is more in depth, destructive to cells, cells must be fixed to do this; bombard cells with electrons

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6
Q

resoluotion

A

minimal distance required for two individual objects to be separated in order to be discerned as independent entities

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7
Q

Fluorescent based probes

A

use of fluorescent based probes allows you to to stain and visualize contents within the cell can light up intraceullar components; can use dyes that are going to go to certain organelle to visualize them; detection requires light microscope with filters designed to detect light emitted from fluorescent compound

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8
Q

GFP (green flourescent protein)

A

protein that is fluorescent used to tag and visualize celluar components; GFP is intrinsically fluorescent there is a variety of colors you can use

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9
Q

immunofluoresence

A

proteins inside cell are visualized using antibodies and fluorescence; antibodies added to cells after cells are fixed

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10
Q

immunofluorescence steps

A
  1. Antigen (your protein in the cell); detected with primary antibody
  2. secondary antibody (recognizes all antibodies of primary antibody species), fused to a flourecent marker is added
  3. flourescence emitted is detected using fluorescent microscope
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11
Q

how to test for lupis

A
  1. add patient sample to liver cells primary antibody will bind nuclear protein (antigen) in liver cells
  2. add fluorescent secondary antibody
  3. Image with fluorescent microscope
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12
Q

other uses for GFP

A

can make glow in the dark fish

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13
Q

Transmission electron microscopy

A

similar to light microscope but similar; stained with electron dense material where stain is most dense get black spot

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14
Q

Scanning electron microscopy

A

smaller simpler and cheaper than TM and lower resolution; samples coated with electron dense heavy metals; image is 3-D

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15
Q

Electron microscopy in clinic

A

useful for identifying virus based on distinct morphology of viral families

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16
Q

organelles

A

specialized subunits within a cell that has a specific function usually enclosed within its own lipid bilayer

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17
Q

proteasome

A

large protein complex that is considered an organel

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18
Q

organelles overview

A
  1. Manufacture
    - Nucleus
    - ER
    - Golgi apparatus
  2. Breakdown
    - proteasome
    - lysosome
    - Peroxisome
  3. Energy Processing
    - Mitochondria
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19
Q

eukaryotic organelles

A

all eukaryotic cells have same basic set of organelles; structure and function for organelles conserved between species; organelles can varry in abundance btwn cell types

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20
Q

nucleus structural features

A

round or elliptical in shape; envelope in double membrane continuous with ER; membrane has nuclear pores to facilitate entry and exit of protein and nucleic acid; contiguous with ER

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21
Q

nucleus function

A

control center of cell; principal site of DNA and RNA synthesis; site of ribosomal RNA (rRNA) synthesis; contain one or more darkly stained bodies nucleoli

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22
Q

Endoplasmic reticulum structural features

A

membrane network that extends from nucleus throughout the cell; contains 2 subdomains (rough ER associated with ribosomes and smooth ER ribosome free)

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23
Q

Endoplasmic reticulum functional features

A

role in lipid (SER) and protein (RER) biosynthesis; storage site for calcium; initial site of protein glycosylation

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24
Q

ER reticulum system

A

part of exocytic (secretory) pathway (1st part)

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25
Q

Golgi apparatus structural features

A

stack of disc-like compartment (cisternae); stack has polarity

  • cis face closest to ER
  • trans face farthest from ER
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26
Q

Golgi apparatus functional features

A
  • major site of protein sorting and modifications
  • receives protein and lipids from ER and dispatches them to various destination
  • site of extensive protein glycosylation
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27
Q

Golgi apparatus system features

A

part of exocytic secretory pathway

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28
Q

Proteasome structural features

A

protein complex, not membrane bound, found in cytoplasm and nucleus

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29
Q

Proteasome functional features

A
  • degrades cellular proteins that do not properly fold in cytoplasm and ER
  • degrades foreign proteins in the cytoplasm (eg viral proteins)
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30
Q

ubiquitin

A

tags protein for degradation via covalent linkage

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31
Q

Breakdown proteasome

A

Ub tagging catalyzed by series of enzymes in 3 steps

  1. ATP- dependent conjugation of Ub to an Ub-activating enzyme (E1)
  2. Transfer of activated Ub to an Ub conjugating enzyme (E2)
  3. Transfer of Ub from E2 to target protein by Ub protein ligase (E3)
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32
Q

velecade

A

multiple myeloma drug that targets proteosome

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33
Q

Lysosomes structural features

A

membrane bound spheres, filled with enzymes (hydrolyses)

34
Q

lysosomes functional features

A
  • digestion of nucleic acids, proteins, and lipids
  • contents come to lysosome via endocytosis, autophagy, and phagocytosis
  • contents come to lysosome via collection of membrane-bound organelles called endosomes
35
Q

lysosomes system features

A

part of endocytic pathway (break things down from outside cell)

36
Q

Peroxisomes structural features

A
  • membrane bound spheres

- contain enzymes involved in various oxidative reactions

37
Q

peroxisomes functional features

A
  • site of oxidative metabolism
  • breakdown of fatty acids to produce acetyl Co-A
  • convert free radicles to peroxide
  • convert peroxide to water
38
Q

mitochondria strucutre

A

double membrane structure inner and outer membrane form folds called cristae, contain their own genome

39
Q

mitochondria function

A
  • powerhouse of cell

- Provides energy (ATP) for cell via oxidative metabolism

40
Q

organelle failure

A

can lead to loss of cell fx; disruption of delivery of one or more proteins to a given organelle can disrupt organelle activity and cause disease pathology

41
Q

lysosomal storage disease

A

disruption to variety of lysosomal protein hydrolyses leading to inability to breakdown proteins/ lipids/ carbs dogs with mucopolysacharidosis VII are missing a lysosomal hydrolase that normally breaks down complex carbs; dogs develop paralysis have heart joint and eye abnormalities

42
Q

Tay-Sachs

A

example of lysosomal storage disease; deficiency in lysosomal enzyme hexosaminaside A leads to harmful lipid accumulations in nerve cells and brain; naturally occurring in Jacob’s sheep

43
Q

organelle size and shape clinically

A 
can be used to monitor disease
Cancer halmarks
- enlarged nucleus
- irregular nuclear contour
- altered chromatin content
44
Q

cytoskeleton

A

system of protein filaments in cytoplasm of eukaryotic cell that gives cell its shape and capacity for directed movement “skeleton of cell”; can form stable structures and can be dynamic and adaptable; related to shape, support, and locomotion

45
Q

cytoskeleton: Major concepts

A

3 major types protein filaments: microtubules, actin filaments, intermediate filaments; filaments share certain fundamental principles; each type has distinct mechanical properties, dynamic and biological roles

46
Q

cytoskeleton general properties

A

self-assemble from small diffusible subunits making rapid assembly and disassembly possible; held together by weak non-covalent interactions; consist of multiple protofilaments that associate laterally with each other; filaments combine strength and adaptability

47
Q

subunit removal cytoskelton

A

easy to remove from ends (dynamic) hard to remove from middle (stable)

48
Q

accessory proteins and cytoskeleton

A

regulate assembly of new filaments and partitioning btwn filament and subunit form; accessory proteins respond to extracellular and intracellular signals to regulate cytoskeletal behavior and function; important accessory protein = motor

49
Q

Microfilaments

A

composed of globular actin filaments; actin monomers bind ATP; actin monomers assemble to form a filament; form R handed helix; grows from + end; fairly bendable given more tensile strength via accessory proteins; located near cell periphery can run length of cell; forms rigid gels, networks, and linear bundles; tracks for myosin;

50
Q

microfilament function

A

determine shape of cell surface and facilitate whole cell locomotion ; cellular protrusion; focal adhesions

51
Q

actin filament

A

= microfilament

52
Q

microcillament locomotion

A

adding things to plus end push out cell and allow for crawling of leading edge

53
Q

lysteria and Rickettsia

A

coopt bacteria cellular actin to propell themselves within and between cells

54
Q

Microtubules

A

composed of: tubulin which binds to GTP; alpha and beta tubulin monomers form tubulin heterodimers; protofilament composed of alternating alpha and beta tubulin

  • cylinder long and hollow with 13 protofilaments building MT cylinder; MT subunits have polarity growing at plus end, protofilaments are parallel
  • very stiff and hard to bend bc multiple contacts in MT lattice
  • polarization
  • tracks for kinesin and dyneins
55
Q

microtubules localization

A

Nucleation occurs at microtubule organizing center

  • MTOC anchors and protects minus end
  • MTOC= centrosome is near nucleus, Mts eminent from MTOC forming star like conformation
56
Q

microtubule function

A

determine positions of membrane enclosed organelles and direct intracellular transport

  • organelle localization
  • intracellular transport
  • establishes cell polarity
  • meiotic and mitotic spindle
57
Q

Intermediate filaments

A
  • heterogenous family of rope like filaments
  • assembled from distinct subunits (keratins, neurofilaments, vimiten like proteins, lamins; do not contain an associated nucleotide; non-polar; easily bend hard to break; no nucleotide; great tensile strength; unpolarized; no motors
58
Q

intermediate filament structure

A

elongated alpha-helical monomeric subunits dimerize and associate to form staggered tetrameric subunits;

59
Q

protofilament

A

formed by packing together of tetramers

60
Q

filament

A

formed from 8 parallel protofilaments

61
Q

intermediate filament function

A

provide strength to tissues for squishy animals; prominent in cells prone to mechanical stress; provide mechanical strength, provide shape to cells and help to resist pulling forces; mechanical strength, intracellular scaffold, cell-cell junctions

62
Q

keratins provide strength to

A

hooves, nails, hair, claws, scales

63
Q

destruction of lamins in nucleus

A

causes severe disorders bc lamins give shape to nucleus

64
Q

Accessory proteins

A

bind to filaments or subunits to control filament behavior (cross link, cap, nucleate things, sever filaments, ect) and organization; generally associated with microtubules and microfilaments intermediate filaments have things that can crosslink and bundle things but they aren’t called accessory proteins

65
Q

Motor proteins

A
  • type of accessory protein they bind to cytoskeleton
  • funciton to move molecules and membrane enclosed organelles throughout cell
  • generate force required to move filaments themselves (muscle contraction, cilliary beating, cell division)
66
Q

What do molecular motor proteins do

A

convert energy from ATP hydrolysis into mechanical force to walk along MF and MT filaments

67
Q

myosin

A

motor protein family; associated with actin (microfilaments), walks toward + direction

68
Q

kinesin

A

motor protein family; associated with microtubules; walks toward + direction

69
Q

dynein

A

motor protein family; associated with microtubules; walks toward - direction

70
Q

motor proteins tructure

A

have head, stalk, and tail

  • Head binds and hydrolyzes ATP
  • tail region contains binding site for cargo
71
Q

kinesin structure

A

two globular head domains, elongate stalk and tail

72
Q

dynein stucture

A

these are largest and fastest; formed from two or three main proteins plus variable number of associated polypeptides

73
Q

kinesin movement

A

binding and hydrolysis of ATP by head domains changes the conformation of the protein allowing it to walk or step down MT toward plus end

74
Q

dynein movement

A

nucleotide hydrolysis is coupled also to MT binding and unbinding as well as force generated conformational change; power stroke is driven by binding and hydrolysis of ATP causing motor heads to rotate relative to tails generating step along MT toward minus end

75
Q

kinesin function

A

brings cargo to periphery of cell; function in organelle positioning, axonal transport, mitosis (move toward synaptic terminal)

76
Q

dynein funcion

A

bring cargo to center of cell; function in cilia/ flagella beating, vesicle transport, mitosis (move back toward cell body)

77
Q

canine x linked muscular dystrophy

A

mutation in actin binding accessory protein dystrophin, leads to degeneration of muscle fibers progressive weakness and premature death; present with high levels of creatin kinase bc muscle damage

78
Q

MT disrupting dogs being used

A

to treat mast cell tumors in dogs (paclitaxel) and as combo with chemo in lymphoma (vincristine); these drugs kill dividing cells bc MT assembly and disassembly critical for correct cell division

79
Q

epidermolysis bullosa simplex

A

mutation in intermediate filament protein keratin; characterized by weakness, skin inflammation, blistering, hair loss

80
Q

coat variations

A

due to mutations in keratin (partially not entirely); responsible for variations in color and in texture

81
Q

filaments are

A

dynamic, adaptable, can form stable structures, accessory proteins regulate the assembly of filaments and come in many flavors; disruption of cytoskeletal elements associated with variety of disease pathologies

82
Q

motor protein functoins

A

move molecules and membrane enclosed organelles throughout the cell; motors bind to filaments throughout head region; motors powered by ATP binding and hydrolysis; 3 major classes Myosin, Kinesin, Dynein

Block Two Cell Bio (9 decks)

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