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ESA 2 Mech Of Disease > Cell Adaptions > Flashcards

Cell Adaptions Flashcards

0
Q

What regulates normal cell proliferation?

A
  • Proto-oncogenes
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1
Q

What does a cell population size depend on?

A
  • Rate of cell proliferation
  • Rate of cell differentiation
  • Rate of cell death by apoptosis
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2
Q

What are the four possible outcomes for a cell?

A
  • Survival - resist apoptosis
  • Divide - enters cell cycle
  • Differentiate
  • Dies via apoptosis
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3
Q

How do multicellular organisms communicate?

A
  • Chemical signals from:
  • Microenvironment - stimulates/inhibits cell proliferation
  • Signalling molecule binds to a receptor -> modulation of gene expression
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4
Q

What are the different type of signalling?

A
  • Hormonal
  • Local mediators
  • Direct cell-cell or cell-stroma contact
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5
Q

What is meant by autocrine, paracrine and endocrine cell communication?

A
  • Autocrine: cell secretes signalling molecules for itself
  • Paracrine: cell secretes signalling molecules for a nearby cell
  • Endocrine: cell secretes signalling molecules for a distant cell which travel in the circulation
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6
Q

What do growth factors affect in cells?

A
  • Cell proliferation and inhibition
  • Locomotion
  • Contractility
  • Differentiation
  • Viability
  • Activation
  • Angiogenesis
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7
Q

What are the 4 main growth factors that affect cells?

A
  • Epidermal GF
  • Vascular endothelial GF
  • Platelet derived GF
  • Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (Granulocyte production)
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8
Q

What is G0 in the cell cycle?

A
  • Cells are able to leave G1 to go to G0 which is a resting state
  • Leading to terminal differentiation or permanent exit from cell cycle
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9
Q

How does increased growth occur?

A
  • Shortening of cell cycle

- Conversion of quiescent cells -> proliferating cells by making them enter the cell cycle

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10
Q

What happens in G1, S and G2 of the cell cycle?

A
  • G1: presynthetic cell growth
  • S: DNA synthesis
  • G2: Premitotic, cells prepare to divide
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11
Q

What is the significance of the restriction point towards the end of G1?

A
  • Most critical checkpoint
  • Point of no return
  • Commonly altered checkpoint in cancer
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12
Q

What happens when the checkpoint is activated?

A
  • Delays cell cycle
  • Triggers DNA repair mechanism
  • Apoptosis via p53
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13
Q

What molecules are involved in the control of the cell cycle?

A
  • ATP phosphorylates substrate

- Cyclin activates CDK and bins to the substrate

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14
Q

What are the possible ‘fates’ for stem cells?

A
  • Self renewal

- Differentiation into mature cells

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15
Q

What is a labile cell?

A
  • Stem cells divide persistently to replenish losses
16
Q

What are stable cells?

A
  • Normally quiescent or proliferate very slowly

- Can proliferate persistently if needed

17
Q

What are permanent cells?

A
  • Stem cells present: can’t mount an effective proliferation response to significant cell loss
18
Q

What are the 5 main types of cell adaption?

A
  • Regeneration: cells multiply to replace losses
  • Hyperplasia: cells increase in number above normal
  • Hypertrophy: cells increase in size
  • Atrophy: cells decrease in size
  • Metaplasia: cells are replaced by cells of a different type
19
Q

What happens in hyperplasia?

A
  • Increase in tissue/organ size due to an increase in cell numbers
  • Can only occur in labile/stable cell populations
  • Remains under physiological control and is reversible
  • Can occur secondary to a pathological cause- proliferation is a normal response to another abnormal condition
  • Repeated cell divisions expose cell to risk of mutation and neoplasm
20
Q

What happens in hypertrophy?

A
  • Occurs especially in permanent cells
  • Can’t proliferate so cells must increase in size to increase organ size
  • Caused by increase in functional demand or hormonal stimulation
  • Cells contain more structural components as they’re greater in size
  • Can happen alongside hyperplasia
21
Q

What occurs in atrophy?

A
  • Shrinkage of tissue/organ due to an acquired decrease in size +/- number of cells
22
Q

Why may atrophy occur?

A
  • Reduced functional demand/workload - disuse atrophy can be reversed by use
  • Denervation atrophy
  • Inadequate blood supply
  • Inadequate nutrition
  • Loss of endocrine stimuli
  • Persistent injury - polymyositis (inflammation of muscle)
  • Ageing
  • Pressure - tissues around an enlarging benign tumour
  • Osteoporosis - loss of bone matrix NOT calcium
23
Q

What occurs in metaplasia?

A
  • Reversible change of one differentiated cell types to another
  • MAINLY epithelial tissues
  • Altered stem cell differentiation
  • Due to an adaptive process to protect under stressful environment
  • Expression of new gene programme
  • No metaplasia across germ layers
24
Q

What is hypoplasia?

A
  • Underdevelopment or incomplete development of tissue/organ at embryonic stage
  • Inadequate number of cells
  • Congenital
25
Q

What is aplasia? (2 meanings)

A
  • Complete failure of a specific tissue/organ to develop
  • Embryonic development disorder
  • Also used to describe an organ whose cells have ceased to proliferate
26
Q

What is involution?

A
  • Overlaps with atrophy

- Normal programmed shrinkage of an organ

27
Q

What is atresia?

A
  • No orifice
28
Q

What is dysplasia?

A
  • Abnormal maturation of tissues

- Precancerous tissues

ESA 2 Mech Of Disease (11 decks)

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