Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Pathophysiology > Cell Adaptation and Necrosis > Flashcards

Cell Adaptation and Necrosis Flashcards

1
Q

What is the definition of cell adaptation?

A

Prolonged exposure of cells to adverse or exaggerated normal stimuli which evokes various changes at the level of individual cells, tissues or whole organs.
Once the cause is removed, most cells that have adapted to chronic stimulation revert to normalcy once again, while some do not, leading to detrimental results.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What are the different ways that cells can adapt to change?

A
  • Atrophy
  • Hypertrophy
  • Hyperplasia
  • Metaplasia
  • Dysplasia
  • Anaplasia
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is the definition of atrophy?

A

Decrease in the size of a tissue, organ or the entire body.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What are the two types of atrophy?

A

Physiologic vs. Pathologic Atrophy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What are some examples of physiologic atrophy?

A
  • Thymus undergoing involution
  • Ovaries, uterus and breasts after menopause
  • The atrophic bones and muscles in the elderly become thin and prone to fracture.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What are some examples of pathologic atrophy?

A
  • Kidneys involved with atherosclerosis)
  • Testicular Atrophy
  • Alzheimer Dementia
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is the definition of hypertrophy?

A

An increase in the size of tissues or organs due to enlargement of individual cells.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What are the two types of hypertrophy?

A

Physiologic vs. Pathologic Hypertrophy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What are some examples of physiologic hypertrophy?

A

-Enlargement of skeletal muscles in body builders due to weights.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What are some examples of pathologic hypertrophy?

A
  • Hypertrophy of the heart that occurs as an adaptation to increased workload.
  • Concentric hypertrophy of the left ventricular muscle is typically seen in hypertension (along with an overall enlarged heart) and is an adaptive response to left ventricular pressure overload.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is a definition of hyperplasia?

A

An adaptive increase in the number of cells that can cause enlargement of tissues or organs.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Give some examples of hyperplastic processes and disease states where hyperplasia is seen?

A
  • Endometrial hyperplasia due to estrogens.

- Hyperplastic polyps of the colon or stomach.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

T/F: Can hyperplasia and hypertrophy be seen together? Give an example.

A
  • Yes. Physiologic hypertrophy of the uterine smooth muscle cells during pregnancy is also accompanied by hyperplasia.
  • A hyperplastic prostate, (BPH) increases both the size and number of glands and stroma.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is the definition of metaplasia?

A

An adaptive change of one cell type for another to suit the environment.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Can you give examples of metaplasia?

A
  • Squamous metaplasia of the bronchial epithelium due to smoking.
  • Gastric or glandular metaplasia of GE Junction in Barrett Esophagus
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is the definition of dysplasia?

A

Disordered growth of tissues resulting from chronic irritation or infection.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What form of cell adaptation is considered a precancerous condition?

A

Dysplasia

18
Q

What is an example of dysplastic change?

A

The best example is detection of cervical dysplasia (cervical intraepithelial neoplasia or CIN) based on PAP smears.

19
Q

What is the definition of anaplasia?

A

Undifferentiated and uncontrolled growth of cells-The hallmark of malignant transformation.

20
Q

What are other names for anaplasia?

A

Malignancy; Carcinoma; Cancer; Neoplasm.

21
Q

What are some examples of anaplasia?

A

Squamous Cell Carcinoma of the Cervix, Cancer of the Lung, Malignant Melanoma, Renal Cell Carcinoma.

22
Q

What are the microscopic hallmarks of anaplasia?

A
  1. The cells and the nuclei display marked cellular pleomorphism (variation in size and shape).
  2. The nuclei are irregular and hyperchromatic
  3. Extremely high nuclear/cytoplasmic ratio (N/C ratio), about 1:1 instead of 1:4 or 1:6.
  4. Large nucleoli present within the nucleus.
  5. Large numbers of abnormal mitotic figures.
23
Q

_____is the hallmark of cancer.

A

Pleomorphism.

24
Q

What are the different types of necrosis?

A

Coagulative, Liquefactive, Caseous, and Fat.

25
Q

What is coagulative necrosis?

A

The most common form of necrosis. Occurs when cell proteins are altered or denatured, similar to the coagulation that occurs when cooking eggs. Histologically, the cell outlines are preserved and the cytoplasm appears finely granular.

26
Q

What is an example of coagulative necrosis?

A

This type of necrosis typically occurs in solid internal organs, I.e. heart, kidney, spleen and liver, and is most often caused by Anoxia (best example is heart tissue undergoing a myocardial infarction)

27
Q

___most often causes coagulative necrosis.

A

Anoxia.

28
Q

Coagulative necrosis happens where?

A

Typically in solid internal organs like heart, kidney, spleen, and liver.

29
Q

What is liquefactive necrosis?

A

Refers to a process by which dead cells liquify under the influence of certain cell enzymes. The tissue becomes soft and gel-like.

30
Q

What is an example of liquefactive necrosis?

A

It occurs most often in the brain where the brain cells lose their contours and liquify. This necrosis is typical of brain infarcts which are usually soft and are ultimately transformed into a fluid-filled cavity, or can be seen in certain bacterial infections in which a cavity may develop. (abscesses in the lungs).

31
Q

What is caseous necrosis?

A

A form of coagulative necrosis in which a thick, yellowish, cheesy substance forms.

32
Q

What is an example of caseous necrosis?

A

Is typically found in Tuberculosis, characterized by the development of lung granulomas, inside of which can be found caseous necrosis. This is called a Ghon Complex, and usually heals, containing the infection. Not unique to T.B., as it may also be seen in some fungal infections (I.e. Histoplasmosis).

33
Q

What is fat necrosis?

A

A specialized form of liquefaction necrosis caused by the action of lipolytic enzymes.

34
Q

What is an example of fat necrosis?

A

It is limited to fat tissue, usually around the pancreas, where enzymes are released into the adjacent fat tissue, usually after rupture of the pancreas (trauma, acute pancreatitis), causing degradation of fat into glycerol and free fatty acids. The free fatty acids rapidly bind with calcium, forming soaps, causing white, calcified specks.

35
Q

What is the difference between wet and dry gangrene?

A

Necrotic tissue can provide a good medium for infection by bacteria. The bacterial infection of coagulated tissue leads to inflammation and a secondary liquefaction clinically known as wet gangrene (I.e. advanced decubitus ulcers). If the necrotic tissue dries out, it becomes black and mummified (dry gangrene).

36
Q

Give underlying conditions that contribute to gangrene?

A

Such infections frequently occur after an infarction of the intestines or in a limb and are usually caused by atherosclerosis or diabetes.

37
Q

What is dystrophic calcification?

A
  • Necrotic tissue attracts calcium salts and frequently undergoes calcification.
  • Refers to the macroscopic deposition of calcium in injured or dead tissues.
  • Represents an extracellular deposition of calcium from the circulation into dead or dying necrotic tissue, often visible to the naked eye, and range from gritty, sand-like grains to firm, rock-hard material.
38
Q

What are some examples of dystrophic calcificcation?

A
  1. Calcifications in Atherosclerotic coronary arteries contributes to narrowing of the vessels.
  2. Calcifications of the Mitral or Aortic valves leading to impeded blood flow (Stenosis).
  3. Calcifications seen around breast cancers that can be visualized by mammography.
  4. Infant periventricular calcifications seen in congenital Toxoplasmosis.
39
Q

What are metastatic calcifications?

A

Reflects deranged calcium metabolism (not cell injury), usually associated with increased serum calcium levels, leading to deposition of calcium in other locations.

40
Q

What are examples of metastatic calcifications?

A

Seen in various disorders including Hyperparathyroidism, Vitamin D toxicity, and Chronic Renal Failure. Formations of Calcium stones in sites such as the gallbladder, kidney and bladder are due to precipitation of the salts from solution into tissues.

41
Q

What is the definition of cell necrosis?

A

The death of cells or groups of cells (tissues) within a living organism.

42
Q

Differentiate between necrosis and autolysis?

A

Necrosis is seen in the living (with inflammation) and autolysis is seen in tissues after death.

Pathophysiology (3 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions