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CELL 305 Midterm 2 Questions > CELL 305 Midterm 2 Questions > Flashcards

CELL 305 Midterm 2 Questions Flashcards

1
Q

Which of the following are part of the enteric nervous system?

a. efferent
b. afferent
c. autonomic
d. sympathetic
e. parasympathetic
a + c
a + c + e
a + d + e
all of the above
none if the above

A

all of the above

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2
Q

which of the following would you not expect to find within your brain?

astrocyte
ependymal cell
schwann cell
microglia
oligodendrocyte

A

schwann cell

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3
Q

Which of the following is not a type of concussion?

acceleration-deceleration
direct impact
blast injury
chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE)
none of the above
all of the above

A

chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE)

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4
Q

What is the process of making memories called?

short term elongation
long term elongation
long term potentiation
postsynaptic neuronal conditioning

A

long term potentiation

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5
Q

What are the 3 primary regions of the brain?

A

forebrain, brainstem, cerebellum

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6
Q

Which of the following are not a function of the thalamus?

relay station for sensory information
relay station for motor pathways
perceive modality of pain
perceive intensity of pain
perceive location of pain

A

relay station for motor pathways

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7
Q

Which of the following control centers is located in the pons?

cardiac center
vasomotor center
respiratory center
digestive center

A

respiratory center

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8
Q

Suppose you touch a hot stove. Instinctively, you pull your hand away! How would we describe this reflex?

Spinal or Cranial?
Somatic or Autonomic?
Innate or Conditioned?
Monosynaptic or Polysynaptic?

A

spinal
somatic
innate
polysynaptic

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9
Q

You just got stabbed! Ouch! How does your brain know where you got stabbed? What pathway did it take? AKA what is the sensory pathway of a stimulus?

A

stimulus —> receptors —-> afferent neuron —> spinal cord —-> second order neuron —-> thalamus —-> third order neuron —> cortex

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10
Q

I decided to go on a run because this cute boy asked me if I ran and i had to say yes. We were running and I thought “wow this is worse than I thought” but i was too embarrassed to stop so I pushed through and there it wasn’t so bad! Until I was fatigued that I passed out. Why did I think it was not so bad after running for awhile?

A

When you first started running, your body was likely experiencing a state of physiological stress due to the increased physical demands placed on your muscles and cardiovascular system. This stress response can cause a surge in stress hormones, such as adrenaline and cortisol, which can cause symptoms such as increased heart rate, rapid breathing, and sweating.

However, as you continued to run, your body likely adapted to the increased demands and the stress response began to subside. Your body also started releasing endorphins, which are natural pain-relieving and mood-boosting chemicals that can create feelings of euphoria or “runner’s high.” This may have contributed to your perception that running was “not so bad” after a while.

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11
Q

What neurotransmitter bind to cholinergic receptors?

A

Acetylcholine

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12
Q

What neurotransmitters bind to adrenergic receptors?

A

norepinephrine and epinephrine

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13
Q

True or false: muscarinic g-linked receptors in the heart can cause an inhibitory or excitatory responses

A

True

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14
Q

An organ has 20 receptors and the postsynaptic neurons release inhibitory and stimulatory neurotransmitters. What additional information do you need to know to determine if the organ will be stimulated or inhibited?

affinity
saturation
varicosities
A and B
A and C
B and C

A

A and B

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15
Q

What is the purpose of the MAO inhibitors?

to make you depressed
to make you calm
to make you happier
to make you aggressive

A

to make you calm

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16
Q

True or False: the parasympathetic NS is always inhibitory

A

false

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17
Q

What is the order of the anatomy of skeletal muscle from exterior to interior?

fascicle
myofibril
sarcolemma
actin and mysoin
muscle cell
connective tissue

A

connective tissue
muscle cell
sarcolemma
myofibril
actin and myosin
fascicle

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18
Q

I have a disorder that makes my t-tubules wonky so they dont work. what would be the effect?

where would the signal terminate?

A

impaired muscle contraction

DHP

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19
Q

Do thin or thick filament areas shorten during contraction? Do they both?

A

both

A band never shortens
I band and H zone shortens

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20
Q

How many thin filaments surround one thick filament?

A

6

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21
Q

How many neurons in between CNS and skeletal muscle?

A

1 motor neuron

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22
Q

What are the 3 ways to relax a muscle?

A

Passive relaxation: This occurs when the muscle is simply allowed to rest without any external force or stimulation. During passive relaxation, the muscle fibers return to their resting length, and the tension in the muscle decreases.

Active relaxation: This type of relaxation is also called “eccentric contraction” or “lengthening contraction.” During active relaxation, the muscle generates force while it lengthens. This is often used to slow down the movement of a limb or to decelerate a load.

Neural relaxation: This type of relaxation occurs when the nerve impulses that stimulate the muscle fibers are inhibited or reduced. This can be achieved through various means, such as through the use of medications or by applying pressure to certain points on the body. Neural relaxation is often used to relieve muscle spasms or cramps.

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23
Q

If I want to get buff, how does hypertrophy occur?

A

It uses satellite cells to repair damaged muscle and make it bigger

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24
Q

How does the ETC play a role in muscle development?

A

it provides th energy required for muscle contraction

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25
Q

What do the symptoms of rigor mortis tell us about the cross-bridge cycle?

A

the symptoms of rigor mortis are due to the inability of the cross-bridges between myosin and actin filaments to detach, which is cased by a lack of ATP and calcium ion accumulation. This provides insight into the importance of ATP and calcium ions in regulating the cross-bridge cycle and muscle contraction .

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26
Q

What has to happen for myosin to be “cocked”

A

for myosin, to be cocked and ready to form a cross-bridge with actin, it must first bind to ATP, undergo hydrolysis to release Pi and form ADP, and then release the ADP to pivot and move towards the center of the sarcomere. The binding of a new ATP molecule restarts the cycle, allowing for repeated cycles of cross bridge formation and muscle contraction.

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27
Q

Why is it important that a twitch takes longer than an action potential?

A

The longer duration of a twitch compared to an action potential is important for allowing for summation and tetanic contractions, as well as more efficient energy utilization by the muscle fiber.

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28
Q

What are examples of isotonic contractions?

A

bicep curls, running, cycling, squats

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29
Q

What are example of isometric contractions?

A

holding a plank
pushing or pulling against and immovable object
holding weight in a static position

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30
Q

What is an example of a fast twitch muscle?

A

gastrocnemius, rectus femoris, biceps brachii, deltoid

31
Q

Examples of slow twitch fibers?

A

soleus, trapezius, gluteus maximus, triceps brachii

32
Q

What kind of muscles are high in myosinATPase?

A

Type IIX

33
Q

What type of fibers are high in mitochondrial density? Type 1 or Type IIX

A

Type 1

34
Q

What type of muscle has a high fiber diameter?

A

Type IIX

35
Q

What type of muscles have a high force generating capacity?

A

Type IIX

36
Q

What type of muscles are high in fatigue resistance?

A

Type I

37
Q

What type of muscle has a higher speed of contraction?

A

Type IIx

38
Q

How/why does our body use slow oxidative fibers and fast glycolytic fibers?

A

Slow oxidative fibers are used for endurance acitivites

Fast glycolytic fibers are used for activities that require short bursts of high-intensity contractions

39
Q

Is it possible to change one type of muscle fiber to another type?

A

While it is generally not possible to convert one type of muscle fiber to another type, the properties of muscle fibers can be altered through a process known as training-induced adaptation. This means that the size and strength of muscle fibers can increase in response to resistance training, and the oxidative capacity of muscle fibers can increase in response to endurance training.

40
Q

What enzymes do you have more of in a trained person? Where does it occur? What effect does it have?

A

Higher myosin ATPase, creating kinase, and citrate synthase. These can lead to increased muscle strength and endurance, improved energy production during exercise, and increased fat metabolism

41
Q

Which transcription factor is related to mitochondrial control?

A

PGC-1a. It speeds up the krebs cycle and Oxidative Phosphorylation by making more enzymes, alters number of mitochondria.

42
Q

What is the role of purkinje fibers?

A

help with the electrical conduction system of the heart. Rapidly and efficiently transmits electrical impulses throughout the ventricles of the heart, coordinating the contraction of the heart muscle and ensuring that blood is pumped efficiently throughout the body.

43
Q

What result happens when funny channels are opened? At what mV do they open and close? What ions do they let through?

A

Funny channels open and let in sodium and let out potassium. It repolarizes the cell. open at -70 mV

44
Q

What result happens when L-type channels are opened? At what mV do they open and close? What ions do they let through?

A

L type channel open around -40 mV and close when the membrane potential is more negative. They allow calcium ions to pass through

45
Q

What result happens when T-type channels are opened? At what mV do they open and close? What ions do they let through?

A

T-type channels open around -60 mV and close when it gets more negative. They allow both sodium and calcium to pass through

46
Q

What result happens when K+ channels are opened? At what mV do they open and close? What ions do they let through?

A

It allows the cell to move K+ ions to move out of the cell and leads to hyperpolarization.

47
Q

How are action potentials passed in the myocardium?

A

The myocardium generates action potentials in a coordinated matter in order to ensure efficient contraction. AV node —> SA node —-> Bundle of His —-> Purkinje fibers

48
Q

Which tissues in the body have slow and fast conduction of action potentials?

A

slow: smooth muscle, cardiac muscle

fast: skeletal muscle, nervous system

49
Q

What is the role of gap junctions in the heart?

A

gap junctions are specialized channels that allow for direct communication between adjacent cells in the heart. they coordinate the depolarization and contraction of cardiac muscle.

50
Q

At what mV does a leaky K+ channel open and close?

A

leak channels are always open and allows a continuous flow

51
Q

At what mV does voltage gated Na+ open and close?

A

around -40 mV to -55 Mv and close around +30 mV

52
Q

At what mV does transient voltage gated K+ open and close?

A

open: -30 to -20 mV

close: +20 to +30 mV

53
Q

compare and contrast L-type and Ca2+

A

compare:
- both voltage gated calcium channels

contrast:
- L type are DHP sensitive
-L type are for muscle contraction
- Ca2+ are for regulating neurotransmitter release and hormone secretion

54
Q

compare/contrast contraction in skeletal and heart muscle

A

skeletal muscle:
- composed of long, cylindrical, multinucleated fibers arranged parallel
- sliding filament
- calcium ions are released from sarcoplasmic reticulum
-high energy requirement

heart muscle:
- composed of branch, interconnected fibers in 3D
- sliding filament
- calcium enters through L type
- low energy requirement

55
Q

difference in cross bridging between skeletal muscle and heart muscle

A

Calcium Release:
In skeletal muscle, calcium ions are released from the sarcoplasmic reticulum in response to an action potential, which triggers the binding of calcium ions to troponin and the exposure of binding sites on actin. This allows the myosin heads to bind to actin and initiate cross-bridge cycling.

heart muscle, calcium ions enter the cell through L-type calcium channels during the plateau phase of the action potential, triggering the release of calcium ions from the sarcoplasmic reticulum. The binding of calcium ions to troponin then initiates cross-bridge cycling and muscle contraction.

Skeletal muscle contracts much faster than heart muscle due to differences in the rate of calcium release and reuptake.

56
Q

In which stages of the cardiac cycle is ventricular volume increasing?

A

Diastole and systole

57
Q

What is the significance of the heart ventricles?

A

the ventricles are critical for maintaining blood flow, delivering oxygen and nutrients to the body’s tissues, and maintaining blood pressure.

58
Q

What is the significance of the atria?

A

the atria are critical for maintaining heart function by aiding in ventricular filling, regulating heart rate, and coordinating the electrical impulses that control heart function

59
Q

In an EKG what determines the P wave?

A

the P wave represents the depolarization of the atria, which is the electrical activity that occurs when the atria contract to pump blood into the ventricles. The P wave is the first wave of the EKG and represents the beginning of the cardiac cycle.

60
Q

In an EKG what determines the QRS complex?

A

the QRS complex represents the depolarization of the ventricles, which is the electrical activity that occurs when the ventricles contract to pump blood out of the heart. The QRS complex is the second wave of the EKG and is preceded by the P wave, which represents the depolarization of the atria.

61
Q

In an EKG what determines the T wave?

A

the T wave in an EKG represents the repolarization of the ventricles, which is generated by the movement of potassium ions out of the ventricular cells, and is an important part of the cardiac cycle

62
Q

If you have 160 ml in your ventricle but it contracts and leaves only 75 ml of blood left what is the end diastolic volume?

A

EDV = ESV + amount of blood ejected
160 ml - 75 ml = 85 ml
EDV = 75 ml + 85 ml
EDV = 160 ml

63
Q

Where does the heart receive innervation from the sympathetic vs parasympathetic NS?

A

The sympathetic nervous system (SNS) innervates the heart through sympathetic neurons that originate in the thoracic spinal cord and release norepinephrine (noradrenaline) onto beta-adrenergic receptors in the heart. Activation of the SNS increases heart rate, contractility, and conduction velocity, which helps prepare the body for physical activity or stress. The SNS also increases blood flow to the heart muscle, which can help provide the increased oxygen and nutrients required during physical activity.

The parasympathetic nervous system innervates the heart through the vagus nerve, which releases acetylcholine at the cardiac synapse.

64
Q

which channels involved in autorhymicity are altered by the SNS?

A

The SNS primarily affects autorhythmicity through the release of norepinephrine, which binds to beta-adrenergic receptors on the pacemaker cells

65
Q

what channel in autorhythmicity does PNS influence?

A

The parasympathetic nervous system (PNS) influences the channel responsible for the hyperpolarization-activated cyclic nucleotide-gated (HCN) channel in autorhythmic cells, which is also known as the “funny current” (If) channel.

66
Q

Which branch of the ANS alters contraction of the ventricles?

A

Both branches of the autonomic nervous system (ANS), the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems, can alter the contraction of the ventricles of the heart

67
Q

which two broad ways can stroke volume be altered?

A

stroke volume can be increased by increasing preload or decreasing afterload, and decreased by decreasing preload or increasing afterload. The regulation of stroke volume is critical for maintaining appropriate cardiovascular function and can be modulated by the autonomic nervous system, hormones, and other physiological factors.

68
Q

How can end diastolic volume increase?

A
  • increased venous return
  • reduced heart rate
  • reduced contractility
  • pathological conditions
69
Q

How does blood pressure change in people (what does it physically mean)?

A

Blood pressure is the force exerted by the blood against the walls of the blood vessels.

Blood pressure can change in response to various factors such as physical activity, emotional stress, medications, and underlying health conditions. Physiologically, changes in blood pressure are caused by changes in the amount of blood being pumped by the heart, the resistance of the blood vessels, or both.

70
Q

What 3 factors influence resistance to blood flow?

A
  1. vessel radius/diameter
  2. blood viscosity
  3. vessel length
71
Q

What types of blood vessels do we have?

A
  1. arteries
  2. capillaries
  3. veins
72
Q

What does collagen allow for?

A
  • tissue strength and elasticity
  • wound healing
  • joint function
  • skin health
73
Q

What does elastin allow?

A
  • stretch and recoil of tissues, blood cells, and skin

CELL 305 Midterm 2 Questions (1 decks)

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