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Cell Flashcards

1
Q

What are the substances used as signals in cell-cell interactions called?

A

Ligands

Ligands include proteins, amino acids, nucleotides, steroids, and lipids.

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2
Q

What is the role of receptor proteins in cell signaling?

A

Bind to appropriate signal molecules to produce a response

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3
Q

Where are intracellular receptors located?

A

Within the cytoplasm

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4
Q

What type of signals do intracellular receptors respond to?

A

Lipid soluble signals like steroid hormones

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5
Q

What are second messengers used for in cell signaling?

A

Transmit signals into the cytoplasm

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6
Q

True or False: Second messengers amplify the signals as they move into the cell.

A

True

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7
Q

How can receptor proteins be detected?

A

Using monoclonal antibodies and gene analysis

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8
Q

What is direct contact signaling?

A

When cells are very close and molecules on the plasma membrane bind together

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9
Q

What are gap junctions and plasmodesmata?

A

Tiny channels that connect neighboring cells

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10
Q

What types of molecules can move between cells through gap junctions?

A

Small signaling molecules like calcium ions

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11
Q

Fill in the blank: Paracrine signaling involves signals released to _______ cells through extracellular fluids.

A

neighbouring

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12
Q

What is the function of autocrine signaling?

A

A cell signals to itself by releasing a ligand that binds to its own receptors

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13
Q

What role does autocrine signaling play in cancer?

A

It is thought to play a key role in metastasis

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14
Q

What are the long-lived signal molecules in endocrine signaling called?

A

Hormones

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15
Q

Describe synaptic signaling.

A

Provides rapid communication in animal cells via neurotransmitters

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16
Q

What are neurotransmitters?

A

Signal molecules released in synaptic signaling

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17
Q

What narrow gaps between cells are involved in synaptic signaling called?

A

Chemical synapses

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18
Q

What happens to neurotransmitters after they are released into the chemical synapse?

A

They are quickly degraded or taken back by the sending cell

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19
Q

What is the primary role of second messengers in cellular signaling?

A

Trigger physiological changes at the cellular level

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20
Q

What is the basic unit of life?

A

Cell

All living organisms are made up of one or more cells, making the cell the fundamental unit of structure and function.

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21
Q

What type of cells are prokaryotic?

A

Single-celled organisms

Prokaryotic cells lack membrane-enclosed organelles and are simpler in structure than eukaryotic cells.

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22
Q

What is the function of the cell membrane?

A

Protects the cell and regulates what enters and exits

The cell membrane is crucial for maintaining the cell’s environment.

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23
Q

What is cytoplasm?

A

The fluid inside the cell

Cytoplasm contains the organelles and is the site for many chemical processes of life.

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24
Q

Fill in the blank: A living thing must _______ to changes in its environment.

A

respond

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25
What must a living organism be able to do in terms of reproduction?
Reproduce ## Footnote Reproduction ensures the continuation of a species.
26
What are proteins made up of?
Amino acids ## Footnote Proteins perform a variety of functions in organisms, including structural roles and catalyzing biochemical reactions.
27
What is genetic material responsible for?
Carrying information for offspring ## Footnote Genetic material ensures that offspring inherit the necessary information to function.
28
What distinguishes eukaryotic cells from prokaryotic cells?
Membrane-enclosed organelles ## Footnote Eukaryotic cells have complex structures, including a nucleus and various organelles.
29
True or False: Plant cells are prokaryotic.
False ## Footnote Plant cells are eukaryotic and contain chloroplasts for photosynthesis.
30
What are chloroplasts used for?
Harvesting energy from sunlight ## Footnote Chloroplasts are essential for photosynthesis in plant cells.
31
List two examples of prokaryotic organisms.
* Methanogens * Bacteria
32
What is the function of histones in eukaryotic cells?
Packaging DNA ## Footnote Histones help organize and condense DNA into chromatin.
33
Fill in the blank: Eukaryotic cells have _______ chromosomes.
multiple
34
What type of cells are animal cells?
Eukaryotic ## Footnote Animal cells are more complex than prokaryotic cells and have various organelles.
35
What is the primary function of the Golgi apparatus?
Modifying and packaging proteins ## Footnote The Golgi apparatus is essential for processing proteins before they are sent to their destinations.
36
What is a cell?
The smallest/fundamental working unit of all living organisms capable of performing life functions.
37
Who first observed and identified the term 'cell' and in what year?
Robert Hook in the year 1665.
38
How do cells vary?
In shapes and size depending on their functions, such as spherical, concave, flat, oval, etc.
39
What is required to see cells clearly?
The aid of a microscope.
40
What is the largest cell in the human body?
The human egg (ovum).
41
Why are most cells small?
The cell's nucleus can only control a certain volume of active cytoplasm and cells are limited in size by their surface area to volume ratio.
42
What is the function of the cell membrane (plasma membrane)?
It separates the interior of all cells from the outside environment and is selectively permeable.
43
What does the cell membrane control?
The movement of substances in and out of the cell.
44
Fill in the blank: The cell membrane is __________ to ions and organic molecules.
selectively permeable.
45
What does a higher surface area to volume ratio allow for in cells?
More efficient nutrient and oxygen absorption.
46
List three components found in a plant cell.
* Cell wall * Chloroplasts * Central vacuole
47
List three components found in an animal cell.
* Mitochondrion * Lysosome * Centrioles
48
True or False: The nucleus of a cell can control an unlimited volume of active cytoplasm.
False.
49
What are microtubules?
Components of the cytoskeleton involved in cell shape and transport.
50
What is the cytoplasm?
The material within a cell, excluding the nucleus.
51
What role do ribosomes play in a cell?
They are responsible for protein synthesis.
52
What is the cell membrane?
The cell membrane is a complex barrier separating every cell from its external environment.
53
What type of membrane is the cell membrane?
It is a selectively permeable membrane that regulates what passes into and out of the cell.
54
What is the structure of the cell membrane?
The cell membrane is a fluid mosaic of proteins floating in a phospholipid bilayer.
55
How does the cell membrane function?
The cell membrane functions like a gate, controlling which molecules can enter and exit.
56
What are carrier proteins?
Carrier proteins in or on the membrane transport similar molecules through the membrane.
57
Can glucose enter the cell?
Yes, glucose is able to enter the cell, but B-glucose cannot.
58
What are cell membranes primarily made of?
Cell membranes are made mostly of phospholipid molecules.
59
What are the properties of phospholipid molecules?
Phospholipid molecules have a charged, polar head and non-charged, non-polar tails.
60
How do phospholipids behave in water?
In water, phospholipids line up with their phosphate heads sticking into the water.
61
What surrounds the cell membrane?
Both sides of the cell membrane are surrounded by aqueous environments.
62
What is the arrangement of phospholipids in the cell membrane?
Phospholipids form two layers, known as a bilayer, with heads facing the watery fluids.
63
What types of proteins are found in the cell membrane?
Proteins attached to the surface of the cell membrane may be hormone receptors, enzymes, or cell recognition proteins.
64
What are some functions of embedded proteins in the membrane?
Some embedded proteins may transport substances across the membrane and are referred to as carrier proteins.
65
What is cytoplasm?
Cytoplasm is a gelatinous and semitransparent fluid within the cell.
66
What is cytosol?
Cytosol is the liquid component of the cytoplasm.
67
What is everything within the cell membrane that is not the nucleus called?
It is known as cytoplasmic material.
68
What processes occur in the cytoplasm?
The cytoplasm is the site for cell division and glycolysis.
69
What elements are present in the cytosol?
The cytosol contains cytoskeletal elements such as microtubules and microfilaments.
70
What is the nucleus?
The nucleus is a dense organelle present in most eukaryotic cells.
71
What is the structure of the nucleus?
Typically, the nucleus is a single rounded structure surrounded by a nuclear envelope.
72
What does the nuclear envelope contain?
The nuclear envelope has many pores through which mRNA and proteins can pass.
73
What does the nucleus contain?
The nucleus contains the cell's chromosomes.
74
How many nuclei do most cells have?
Most cells have a single nucleus, but some cells may have multiple.
75
What happens to the nucleolus when the nucleus prepares to divide?
The nucleolus disappears when the nucleus prepares to divide.
76
. are found scattered throughout the cytosol
77
and are relatively large organelles
78
ATP is the molecule that most cells use as
79
their main energy 'currency
80
Fig. 5: Structure of the mitochondrion
81
Mitochondria are more numerous in
82
Mitochondria are surrounded by two
83
membranes
84
The
85
as a houndemorane serves
86
mitochondria and the cytosol.
87
The inner membrane has many long
88
folds
known as cristae
89
greuy lnGrease the surrace area
90
synthesis to occrPace ror ATP
91
Mitochonarla navenvhen
92
existing ones grow and divide.
93
They are thus semi-autonomous
94
Organelles
95
e most other organelles
96
ribosomes are not membrane-bound
97
They are one of the most common
98
organelles in almost all cells
99
Some are free in the cytoplasm others
100
line the membranes of rough
101
endoplasmic
102
-They exist in two sizes:-70S
103
Opbloronlasts and
104
mitochondria.
105
80S (larger) tound in eukaryotes-
106
attacned to rough ER
107
RNA and translating the code to build
108
proteins using amino acids as the building
109
What is heterochromatin?
Heterochromatin is chromosome material of different density from normal, in which the activity of the genes is modified.
110
What are mitochondria?
Mitochondria are relatively large organelles found scattered throughout the cytosol. They are sites of aerobic respiration and are sometimes referred to as the 'powerhouse' of the cell.
111
What is ATP?
ATP is the molecule that most cells use as their main energy 'currency'.
112
Where are mitochondria more numerous?
Mitochondria are more numerous in liver and heart (muscle) cells.
113
What surrounds mitochondria?
Mitochondria are surrounded by two membranes.
114
What are cristae?
Cristae are long folds in the inner membrane of mitochondria that increase the surface area for ATP synthesis.
115
How do mitochondria reproduce?
Mitochondria can grow and divide, making them semi-autonomous organelles.
116
What are ribosomes?
Ribosomes are not membrane-bound organelles and are one of the most common organelles in almost all cells.
117
Where are ribosomes found?
Some ribosomes are free in the cytoplasm, while others line the membranes of rough endoplasmic reticulum.
118
What are the sizes of ribosomes?
Ribosomes exist in two sizes: 70S (found in prokaryotes) and 80S (larger, found in eukaryotes).
119
What is a polysome?
Groups of ribosomes working together are known as a polysome.
120
What is the function of ribosomes?
Ribosomes are the site of protein synthesis, reading messenger RNA and translating the code to build proteins using amino acids.
121
What is the endoplasmic reticulum (ER)?
The ER is a system of membranous tubules and sacs that acts as a pathway for molecules to move from one part of the cell to another.
122
What is the rough ER?
The rough ER is studded with 80S ribosomes and is an extension of the outer membrane of the nuclear envelope.
123
What is the smooth ER?
The smooth ER has no 80S ribosomes and is involved in lipid and steroid synthesis, as well as the regulation of the breakdown of toxins by liver cells.
124
What do both types of ER do?
Both types of ER transport materials within the cell.

Bio 101 (1 decks)

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