Cell

Question 1

Plants are what type of cells?

Answer 1

Eukaryotic cells that are part of multicellular and photosynthetic organisms.

Question 2

Plant cells have ——– organeels which does what??

Answer 2

Chloroplast organelles, which contain pigments that absorb photons of light and harvest the energy of these photons.

Question 3

Plant cells also have the usual eukaryotic organelles, including a ———,———-, and———-.

Answer 3

A nucleus, endoplasmic reticulum, and golgi apparatus.

Question 4

What are Animal cells?

Answer 4

These are eukaryotic multicellular, heterotrophic cells or organisms. Eg; sponges, liver cell, etc.

Question 5

The term cell was first observed and identified by?

Answer 5

Robert Hooke in the year 1665.

Question 6

What is a cell?

Question 7

Who observed corkcells with a microscope??

Answer 7

Robert Hooks from 1635 to 1703.

Question 8

Who was the Dutch Microscope maker, and what did he observe?

Answer 8

Antonvan Leeuvenhoek was the first to observe living cells (from 1632 to 1723)

Question 9

State the cell theory

Answer 9

All living things are made up of cells.
Cell is the basic and functional unit of life.
Each cell arises from previous existing cells.

Question 10

All types of cells have certain structures in common. Name them.

Answer 10

Cell membrane and genetic materials.

Question 11

Cell diversity

Answer 11

Size: generally small due to surface to volume ratio
Shape: reflects functional diversity, eg nerve cells (long and thin in diameter), and skin cells ( fast and thin in diameter). WBC can change to pass through narrow openings.
Internal organisation: organelles in the cell.

Question 12

Basic possessions that enable the cell to function

Answer 12

A cell membrane that keeps them together.
At least one chromosome. It is composed of genetic material that contains the cells’ hereditary traits.
Cytoplasm: the fluid inside the cell, in which the chemical processes of life occur.

Question 13

Functions that must be fulfilled by a living organisms

Answer 13

MR NIGER D AC

Question 14

How do cells make the functions of life possible?

Answer 14

Cell membrane: By concentrating the chemical reactions of life inside a small area within the membrane.
Genetic material: In order to reproduce, organisms ensure that their offsprings have all the information that they need to carry out the functions of life.
Proteins: They are made up of amino acids, which perform a variety of structural, metabolic, and reproductive functions.

Question 15

Two basic types of cells

Answer 15

Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic cells.

Question 16

Write about prokaryotic cells.

Answer 16

They are simple and primitive cells.
They are single celled organisms.
They have a cell membrane made up of phospholipids.
Their membrane is enclosed in a sugar-coated cell wall.
Nucleus and other membrane bound organelles are absent.
They have minimum internal organisation.
They lack histone.

Question 17

During reproduction what does the prokaryotic cell do?

Answer 17

They make a copy of its single chromosome for each daughter cell, but plasmids have random assortment.

Question 18

Write on Eukaryotic cells.

Answer 18

They are more advanced than prokaryotic cells.
The cells work together to achieve the multi cellular organism.
They have membrane enclosed organelles.
They have more than one chromosome.
The respiratory site is mitochondria, and in plants, the site for photosynthesis is the chloroplast.

Question 19

Examples of different types of cells

Answer 19

Archaebacteria: They are prokaryotic, primitive single cell bacteria. They lack peptidoglycan in their cell wall. Eg: Methanogenes, extreme halophiles, and thermophiles.
Most of its genes lack resemblance with those of bacteria and eukaryotes, but they are similar to eukaryotes in terms of transcription, translation, and DNA replication.
NB; THEY ARE NOT ONLY CONFINED TO HARSH ENVIRONMENT( methanogenes are found in the human large intestine).

Eubacteria/Bacteria: They are prokaryotic organisms with petidoglycan cell wall. Eg, cyanobacteria, soil bacteria, and pathogenic bacteria.

Protista: They are eukaryotic and primarily unicellular(though algae are multicellular). They are photosynthetic or heterotrophic organisms. Eg; Ameoba and Paramecium.

Plant cells are eukaryotic cells that are part of multicellular, photosynthetic organisms.

Animal cell: These are eukaryotic multicellular, heterotrophic cells or organisms.

Question 20

List 10 parts of the plant cell.

Answer 20

Cell wall
Cell membrane
Central vacoule
Mitochondria
Ribosomes
Golgi apparatus
Nucleus
Nucleolus
Smooth endoplasmic reticulum
Chloroplast
Lysosome
Rough endoplasmic reticulum
Cytoplasm

Question 21

List 10 parts of the animal cell

Answer 21

Cell membrane
Smooth ER
Rough ER
Golgi vesicles
Mitochondrion
Golgi apparatus
Nucleolus
Nucleus
Ventricles
Micro tubules
Cytoplasm
Ribosome

Question 22

What is the name of the largest cell in the body?

Answer 22

The human egg (ovum).

Question 23

What are the reasons for cells being small?

Answer 23

The cell nucleus can only control a certain volume of active cytoplasm.
They are limited in size by their surface to area to volume ratio.

Question 24

What is the cell membrane?

Answer 24

It is a biological membrane that separates the interior of all cells from the outside environment.

Question 25

What is the work of the cell membrane?

Answer 25

It is selectively permeable to ions and organic molecules and controls the movement of substances in and out of the cell.

Question 26

What is the key component of cell membrane?

Answer 26

Phospholid layer.

Question 27

List 10 parts of the cell membrane

Answer 27

Carbohydrates Cholesterol Hydrophilic heads Hydrophobic tails Glycoprotein Globular protein Phospholipid bilayer Phospholipid molecules Alpha-helix protein Filaments of cytoskeleton

Question 28

The cell membrane is a ---------------------------------------------------------------- floating in a Phospholipid layer.

Answer 28

Fluid mosaic of proteins.

Question 29

Carrier proteins in front he membrane are specific, only ---------------------------------------.

Answer 29

Allowing a small group of similar molecules to pass through. For instance, alpha-glucose is able to enter, but beta-glucose can't.

Question 30

Cell membranes are made up mainly of ?

Answer 30

Phospholipid molecules. They have two fatty acid tails(hydrophobic) And a phosphate head that's polar( charged). This head is hydrophilic.

Question 31

How is the Phospholipid bilayer formed?

Answer 31

Cells are bathed in an aqueous environment, and the inside of a cell is also aqueous. Both sides of the cell membrane are surrounded by water molecules. This causes the phospholipids of the cell membrane to form two layers known as the **phospholipid bilayer**.

Question 32

Proteins embedded in the phospholipid cell.

Answer 32

The proteins have different functions of transferring into the cell and out of the cell. Proteins may be hormone receptors enzymes or cell recognition, while others may be associated with transporting molecules. These are known as carriers of proteins( which partake in active transport).

Question 33

What is the cytoplasm?

Answer 33

It is a gelatinous and semi transparent fluid in the cell.

Question 34

What is the cytosol?

Answer 34

It is the jellylike mixture in which other organelles are suspended.

Question 35

Every within the cell membrane excluding the nucleus is known as ----------------------?

Answer 35

Cytoplasm. It's is also the site for cell division, glycolysis, and many other cellular activities.

Question 36

What is glycolysis?

Answer 36

This is the process whereby glucose is broken down to produce energy.

Question 37

What are the cytoskeleron elements?

Answer 37

Microtubules and microfilaments