Cell

Question 1

The basic structural unit of all living organisms

Answer 1

Cell

Question 2

Give the two major components of the Cell

Answer 2

Nucleus and Cytoplasm

Question 3

contains DNA that encodes instructions for synthesis of all proteins of cell, and the enzymes that catalyze the biochemical reactions of its metabolism

Answer 3

Nucleus

Question 4

Thin envelope that separates the cytoplasm from the external environment

Answer 4

Cell Membrane

Question 5

Consist of bimolecular layer of phospholipid molecules with hydrophilic heads at the outer & inner surfaces,& hydrophobic fatty acid chains directed towards the middle of the lipid blayer

Answer 5

Cell Membrane

Question 6

the command center of the cell . Site of synthesis of ribonucleic acids

Answer 6

Nucleus

Question 7

Usually spherical or ovoid in shape located near the center of the cell

Answer 7

Nucleus

Question 8

N….contains DNA that encodes instructions for synthesis of all proteins of cell, and the enzymes that catalyze the biochemical reactions of its metabolism

Answer 8

Nucleus

Question 9

4 parts of Nucleus

Answer 9

Chromatin
Nucleolus
Nuclear lamina
Nuclear envelope

Question 10

• clumps of conspicuous intensely basophilic material in the nucleus. Consist of DNA and associated proteins in CONDENSED state

Answer 10

Chromatin

Question 11

• is visible in the living cell as a sperical refractile body located eccentrically in the nucleus.

Its function is to rewrite rRNA and combine it with proteins (VITAL ROLE IN MAKING PROTEINS IN THE CELL)

Answer 11

Nucleolus

Question 12

– it serve as boundary of nucleus consisting of 2 parallel membranes.

Serves as communication between the nucleoplasm and cytoplasm

Answer 12

Nuclear envelope

Question 13

•Is the region of the cell between the plasma membrane and the nuclear envelope

Answer 13

Cytoplasm

Question 14

Contains cell organelles (mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi complex, lysosomes and peroxisomes) and inclusions suspended in a semi- fluid cytosol

Answer 14

Cytoplasm

Question 15

• are slender sausage- shaped structures and exhibits some variations in shape in different cell types

•Found to have 2 membranes

Answer 15

MITOCHONDRIA

Question 16

Most numerous in high energy requiring cells such as muscle & neurons

•GENERATE the chemical ENERGY necessary for most of the biochemical reactions that take place in the cytoplasm

Answer 16

MITOCHONDRIA

Question 17

Largest of the cytoplasmic organelle

Answer 17

Endoplasmic Reticulum

Question 18

• studded with ribosomes. Related to protein synthesis

Answer 18

Rough endoplasmic reticulum

Question 19

• involve in synthesis of cholesterol and steroid hormones.

Answer 19

Smooth endoplasmic reticulum

Question 20

Abundant in interstitial cells of testis (secreting testosterone).

Answer 20

Smooth endoplasmic reticulum

Question 21

In liver it function in detoxification of drugs and alcohol & participate in synthesis of glycogen

Answer 21

Smooth endoplasmic reticulum

Question 22

it is where the newly synthesized proteins, received from the rER, are further processed, SORTED,and PACKAGED for transport to their final destinations in the cell.

Answer 22

Golgi Complex

Question 23

Largest in secretory cell types

Answer 23

Golgi Complex

Question 24

• contain more than 30 hydrolytic enzymes that have acid pH

“Digestive system”of the cell decomposing substances taken into the cell and disposing of excess, or damaged, cell organelles

Answer 24

Lysosomes

Question 25

-bear some RESEMBLANCE to LYSOSOMES, but they are more consistently spherical and less dense •Participate in a number of important biochemical pathways.

Answer 25

Peroxisomes

Question 26

Their oxidative reactions breakdown amino acids,uric acid, & fatty acids

Answer 26

Perixisomes

Question 27

consists of 2 centrioles in the center of a sphere of material of low density , described as pericentriolar matrix.

Answer 27

Centrosome

Question 28

In non dividing cells, it nucleate the polymerization of long, single,microtubules that radiate throughout the cytoplasm. This contribute to maintenance of cell shape & serve as tracks along which transport vesicles and organelles from place to place by motor proteins

Answer 28

Centrosome

Question 29

In dividing cells they nucleate the polymerization of the microtubules of the mitotic spindle

Answer 29

Centrosome

Question 30

-it is metabolized by cells to enable them to SYNTHESIS ATP, w/c provides the energy for most of the biochemical reactions taking place in the cell

Answer 30

Glycogen

Question 31

- multiple small lipid droplets containing cholesterol esters, as well as triglycerides, are mostly seen in cells specialized for steroid hormones

Answer 31

Lipid

Question 32

- They have no metabolic value, but the cell seems to have no way of eliminating them

Answer 32

Lipofuchsin pigment

Question 33

-determines cell shape & many of the physical properties of the cytoplasm •It is very dynamic

Answer 33

Cytoskeleton

Question 34

•Three categories of filaments:

Answer 34

* 1.Microfilaments(actin and myosin filaments) * 2.Intermediate filaments * 3.Mictrotubules

Question 35

-contractile activity in muscle cells primarily results from the interaction of 2 protein namely actin(thin) & myosin(thick) filaments

Answer 35

Microfilaments

Question 36

- cell contain a class of intermediate-sized filaments with an average diameter of 10-12nm. Example of this are cytokeratins(epithelium),vimentin(mesenchymall cells),desmin(muscle), glial fibrillary acidic protein(glial cells), neurofilaments(neurons)

Answer 36

Intermediate filaments

Question 37

play a significant role in the development and maintenance of cell form

Answer 37

Microtubules

Question 38

They are also implicated in the intracellular transport of other organelles

Answer 38

Microtubules

Question 39

They are also implicated in the intracellular transport of other organelles

Answer 39

Microtubules

Question 40

- are continuous sheets closely adherent cells(epithelia) that line portions of the respiratory and reproductive tracts, that are motile cell processes ung parang micro hairs

Answer 40

Cilia

Question 41

-are single propellant , with several times the length of cilia.

Answer 41

Flagellum

Question 42

is the only cell in mammal that demonstrate such structure

Answer 42

Spermatozoon

Question 43

- taking of extracellular materials into the cells in invaginations of the cell membrane that pinch off to form vesicles which move in the cytoplasm

Answer 43

Endocytosis

Question 44

- non-selective form of endocytosis in which small and large molecules in solution are taken up in the concentration of extracellular fluid

Answer 44

Pinocytosis

Question 45

mechanism for the selective concentration and uptake of specific protein molecules from the extracellular fluid

Answer 45

Receptor-mediated endocytosis

Question 46

-internalization of particles, such as bacteria , for destruction within the cell

Answer 46

Phagocytosis

Question 47

-structural units of the genetic material of Chromosomes-structural units of the genetic material of the cell, each consisting of a linear double-stranded DNA molecule and associated proteins cell, each consisting of a linear double-stranded DNA molecule and associated proteins

Answer 47

Chromosomes

Question 48

ordered sequence of events that a cell undergoes from its origin to its division

Answer 48

Cell Cycle

Question 49

- period between the origination of the cell and its division. Occupies 95% of the cycle

Answer 49

Interphase

Question 50

- division into two daughter cells, occupies only few hours

Answer 50

Mitosis

Question 51

Five stages of mitosis

Answer 51

1. Prophase 2. Prometaphase 3. Metaphase 4. Anaphase 5. Telophase

Question 52

- a cell division that occurs only in the production of the ova and spermatozoa •The chromosome number must be reduced by half to prevent a doubling of the chromosome number at fertilization

Answer 52

Meiosis

Question 53

- or programmed cell death •This is an active, energy-dependent, gene-directed process, a kind of cell suicide

Answer 53

Apoptosis

Question 54

not a programmed process of cell death | •Result fom anoxia, mechanical injury,invasion of cell by viruses,exposure to toxins,or to irradiation

Answer 54

Necrosis