Cell Flashcards
Cell
organizational unit of all living things
The one thing that all cells have in common is……
membrane (semi permeable plastic bag
composition of cell membrane:
phospholipids, transport holes (made out of proteins), the cell is filled w/ cytoplasm or cytosol.
All cells have:
DNA, RNA, and can synthesize protein
life begins:
a single cell
Group of cell:
tissues
group of tissues:
organs
Group of organs
systems
group of systems
organism: a complete individual
Ribosome:
synthesize proteins from amino acids, they are numerous, make up a quarter of a cell. Some are free and some are attached to rough ER
Golgi complex:
synthesize proteins that are transported out of the cell. located near the nucleus and consists of layers of membranes
Vacuoles
Plant cell vacuoles: 1 large vacuole
Animal cell: small, and sometimes numerous
storage, digestions, and waste removal
vesicles:
small organelles within a cell. function: moving materials w/in cells
cytoskeleton:
consists of microtubules: help shape and support the cell. microtubules made up of protein.
Cytosol: cytoplasm is the general term that refers to the cytosol and the substructures. found w/in the plasma membrane, but not within the nucleus. X
liquid material in the cell. mostly water, and some floating molecules
Cell membrane (plasma membrane):
acts as a barrier, it keeps inside of the cell inside and outside of the cell outside. It determines what to enter and what to exit the cell.
Endoplasmic Reticulum:
two types: rough ER, smooth ER (no ribosomes). It’s a tubular network that comprises the transport system of a cell. It fused to the nuclear membrane and extends through the cytoplasm to the cell membrane.
mitochondrion: plural for mitochondria
this cell structures: have different size and quantity. generating ATP, involved in cell growth and death. Contains their own DNA (different than the one in the nucleus).
Functions of mitochondria: production of cell energy, cell signaling (how communications are carried out w/in a cell, cellular differentiation, cell cycle and growth regulation. (eukaryotic cell: can have hundreds or thousands of mitochondria).
Structure: inner and outer membrane. inner membrane encloses the matrix (contains michondrial DNA (mtDNA) and ribosomes. b/w inner and outer membranes are folds (cristea).
: chemical reaction occurs in the mitochondrial, control water levels in cells, recycle and create proteins and fats. Aerobic respiration also occurs in the mitochondria.
Animal cell structure:
centrosome: contains centroiles (located at right angles to each other) surrounded by protein. The centrosome is involved in mitosis and the cell cycle.
Centrioles:
cylinder-shaped structures near the nucleus that are involved in cellular division. Centroiles occur in pairs. (each cylinder shaped consist of 9 groups of 3 microtubules)
Lysosome:
- digests proteins, lipids, and carbohydrates
- transport undigested substances to the cell membrane to be removed from the cell.
- the shape of the lysosome depends on the material being transported.
Cilia (singular cilium):
appendages that extend from the surface of the cell. responsible for the movement of the cell.
Flagella: longer, less in quantity, whip-liek movement.
Nuclear parts of a cell
nucleus (plural nuclei): nucleolus, it contains chromosomes that regulate the DNA of the cell. nuclear envelope, nucleoplasm, nuclear pore, chromatin, ribosomes.
Chromosomes: highly condensed, threadlike rods of DNA. short for deoxyribonucleic acid,
Chromatin:
consists of the DNA and protein that make up chromosomes.
Nucleolus: w/in the nucleus, consists of protein. It’s small, round, does not have a membrane, is involved in protein synthesis, synthesized and stores RNA (ribonucleic acid). (synthesize two things: protein, RNA)
Nuclear envelope: encloses the structure of the nucleus. inner and outer membrane: made of lipids.
nuclear pores: allows the exchange of materials b/w the nucleus and the cytoplasm.
Nucleoplasm: liquid w/in the nucleus, similar to the cytoplasm.
Cell membrane: plasma membrane. semipermable membrane, made up of lipids and proteins.
