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Physiology > Cell > Flashcards

Cell Flashcards

1
Q

Misfolded protein diseases

A

Prion

Alzheimer(a beta amyloi accumulation

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2
Q

Triad of precocious puberty
Skinnpigmentat
Bone dysplasia

A

Mccune albright syndrome

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3
Q

Ficks law

A

Diffusion =(concentration graduent x areal)/thickness

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4
Q

Action of steriod hoemone takes place in

A

Nuleus

Reveptor present in cytoplasam

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5
Q

G protein coipled receptors a/k/a

A

Seven transmembrane receptor or serpentine receptors

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6
Q

What causes premature aging (progeria)

A

Lamin mutation

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7
Q

Absent mannose 6 phosphate tagging leads to

A

I cell disease (inclusion)

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8
Q

Gibs donan equilibriuim is mainly by

A

Protein

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9
Q

Gap jnctn proteins

A

Connexon

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10
Q

Tight jnctions

A

Occludens
Claudens
Jams

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11
Q

Ekectrical synapse formed by

A

Gap junctions

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12
Q

Gap jnction found

A 
Cardiac muscles
Skeltal muscles
Retina
Mylein
Peripheral nerves
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13
Q

Charcot mary tooth ds

A

Peripheral neuropathy

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14
Q

Most osmotically active particle in ecf

A

Na

Icf k

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15
Q

Ph of ecf

A

7.4

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16
Q

Favilitated diffusion

A

Glucose trnsport
Amino acid
Urea

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17
Q

Sodium iodide symporter seen in

A 
Salivary gland
Thyroid
Gestational and lactationg breast
Intestinal epithelaial cellla
Placenta
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18
Q

Nernst equation

A

61.5/z log c1 /c2
Magnitude od wlequilibrium potential for a freely diffusible ion
C1 higher concentration
C2 lower concnet

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19
Q

Acetylcholine receptors are

A

Ligamd gated sodium and pottasium channels

Movement of sodium predominates

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20
Q

Lambert eaten and myasthenia gravis distinguish

A

Lambert weaksness improvess as day progreses

Mg(post synaptic membrane ds-wekaness increases as the day progresses

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21
Q

Optimum length equals to

A

That length at which maximum tension corresponds to a

Sarcomere lengthof 2-2.2micro

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22
Q

Tetanizing frequency

A

1/cp(sec)
Contarctoon period
Latent period excluded

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23
Q

Heart muscle cannot be tetanized becauses

A

Prolonged absolute refractory period due to ca influx

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24
Q

Cardiac index

A

Cardiac output per sq m of body surface area

3.2L/min/metersq

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25
Q

Lv output more than rv out put due to

A

Physiological shunt

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26
Q

Mary s law

A

Heart rate inverse to bp

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27
Q

Basal electric rhythm produced by

A

Interstetial cells of cajal

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28
Q

Obligatory reansoarbtion of water by

A

Without adh
Pct 15_20%
Aqp 1

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29
Q

Facultative reabsorption

A

13_15%
Aqp 1
Influenced by adh v2 receptors on collecting duct

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30
Q

Frequency of basal electric rhythm

A

Maximum duodenum 12/min

Minimum caecum–2/min

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31
Q

Vomiting centre receptors

A

5 ht3

D2

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32
Q

Lateral cortico spinal tract distal muscles

A

A alpha uper limb flexors

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33
Q

Medial descending tract

A

Axial muscles

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34
Q

Lateral cortico spinal tract otherwise called

A

Pyramidal tract

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35
Q

Efferent for stretch reflexor myotactic refelxor deep tendon reflex

A

A alpha

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36
Q

Inverese stretch refelx efferen

A

A alpga

Bisynaptic reflex

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37
Q

Nulea of cerebellum

A 
Fastigeal
Globose
Emboliformis
Dentate 
Doctors eat good food 
Lateral to medium
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38
Q

Purkinje cells project to

A

Deep nuclei

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39
Q

Hormone using cyclic gmp as second messenger

A

Atrinatri uretic peptide

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40
Q

Doent need secnd messenger

A

Gh- jak stat pathway
Insulin itself has tyrosine kinase activity
Prolactin
Igf 1

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41
Q

Receptor for lipid soluble hormones

A

Nuclear-
Thyroid
Estrogen

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42
Q

Depoarization phase is due to(action potential graph(

A

Sodium influx

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43
Q

Reoolarization phase

A

Opening of pottadium channels k influx decrease in Na

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44
Q

Hyoerpolarization phase due to

A

Slow closure of k channels

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45
Q

Length tension relationship

Frank starling law

A

More the initial length more the tension generated upto a physiological limit beyond that tension decreases

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46
Q

Plateau potential recorded from all parts of heart except

A

Sa node and av node

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47
Q

Plateau phase is due to

A

Opening of ca channels
Gain of positive charge
Slow Na Ca channels

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48
Q

Jvp

A

Seen on right internal jugular vein direct connection with RT atrium
3 positive waves__a c v
2 neg– x descent and y descent

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49
Q

Jvp waves

A

A wave – atrial contraction
C– bulging of closed tricuspid valve into RT atrium during isovolunetric contraction
X descent closed tricuspid valve pulled downwards during ejection phase
V wave –venous filling of rt atrium and opening of tricuspid valve
Y descent—bllod flows from atrium to ventricles

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50
Q

Heart sound and jvp

A

S1–bw a and c wave
S2–just before v wave
S3–coincide with y descent
S4__coincide with a wave

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51
Q

Cardiac output

A

Hr *stroke volume

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52
Q

Cardiac output

A

MAP/TPR

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53
Q

Venous return

A

Psf(mean systemic filling pressure)-RAP(rt atrial pressure)/resistance to venous return

54
Q

Mean systemic filling pressure

A

Mean pressure exists in circulatory system when there is no blood motion
Normal ==7 mmhg

55
Q

Determinants of mean systemic filling pressure

A

Blood volume

Venous stone

56
Q

Cardiac output and Ficks principle

A

Cardiac output = oxygen consumed (mL/min)/arterio venous oxygenmL/L)

57
Q

Baroreceptors are

A

Stretch receptors found in carotid sinus and aortic arch

58
Q

MAP and sympathetic activity by baroreceptors

A

Increase in MAP decrease sympathetic activity

Decrease in MAP increase sympathetic activity

59
Q

Stimuli which increase renin

A 
Hypovolemia
Hemoorahafe
Dehydration 
Hyponatremia 
Decrease in renal afferent arterioles pressure 
Renal artery stenosis 
Prolonged standing
Increased sympathetic discharge
60
Q

Bainbridge reflex

A

Sudden increase in blood volume results in increase in heart rate

61
Q

Bezold jarisch reflex/coronary chemo reflex

A

Injection of substance into Corona6artery :serotonin
Capsaicin
Phenylbiguanides
Veratrinide

Results in hypotension and bradycardia

62
Q

Maxmumairway resistance I fir

A

Medium sized bronchi 3 rd generation

Airflow is turbulent

63
Q

Oxygen content

A

Oxygen in combination with hb +dissolved o2

Hb(gm/dl)×1.34×%saturation +pco2×.003ml/dL/mmhg

64
Q

OHDC

A

Sigmoid shape due to positive cooperativity

P50 _25_27mmhg/3.6 kiloPascal

65
Q

Conditions with increased 2, 3 bpg

A 
GEETHA
excessive growth hormone
Exercise
Excess6thyroid hormone
Anaemia 
High altitude
66
Q

Conditions with decreased 2,3 bpg

A

Androgens

High altitude anaemia

67
Q

GFR

Net filtration pressure

A

PGc_pieGc_pBc+pie Bc=45_20_10+0=15mmhg

68
Q

GFR

A

Kf×net filtration pressure

Kf=permebilitt × surface area

69
Q

Sensor for tubuloglomerular feedback

A

Macula densa cell(modified tubular epithelial cells at beginning of dct)

It detect both Na and cl
Produce adenosine

70
Q

Site of action of tubuloglomerular feedback

A

Afferent arteriole

71
Q

Auto regulation of gfr

A

Tubuloglomerular feedback
Increase in gfr■■macula densa secrete adenosine■■acts on a1 receptors ■■release of calcium■■vasoconstriction ■■■decrease in gfr

Decrease in gfr●●●MD●●RELEAeses NO2●●vasodialatation●●increase in GFR

72
Q

PCT

A 
Gfr remains ISOTONIC
 More reabsorption
gucose amino acods\_\_100%
Ureas 52%
H2o\_\_2/3
Hc03\_\_80%
Na K Cl 60%
73
Q

Descending loop of henle

A

Only water absorbed

At the end hypertonic

74
Q

Thick ascending loop of henle

A

Absorption of sodium more than water
Diluting segment
Hypotonic

75
Q

Collecting duct

A

ADH__increase water reabsorption

Aldosterone__incraese sodium reabsorption

76
Q

Renal clearance

Volume of plasma free of a a substance in unit time

A

Clearence=UV/P mg/min
U=urinary concentration
V=rate of urine flow
P=plasma concentration

77
Q

Clearance of inulin

A

Equal to GFR

Clearance of PAH (low concentration)=RPF

78
Q

Clearance of reabsorbed and secretary substance

A

Reabsorbed substance=less than inulin

Secretary =more than inuin

79
Q

Renal handling of sodium

A

Filtered load of sodium ==GFR×plasma concentration =180L/day×140mmol/L=25300mmol/day

80
Q

Sodium reabsorbed in all segments except

A

Descending thin loop

81
Q

Sodium reabsorption in pct mechanism

A

Secondary active co transport__Na glucose co tran
Na/aminiacid cut
Na/P cut
Na/lactate ct

SECONDARY ACTIVE COUNTER TRANSPORT
Na /H exchanger
Cl/base exchanger

82
Q

Sodium reabsorption in thick ascending loop

A

30%
Na K 2 Cl CT
Na/H exchanger
K channels recycling

83
Q

Diuretic acts on Na k 2cl channels at TAL

A

Lasix

84
Q

Disease mimics the action of furosemide/lasix

A

Barter syndrome(barter protein at cl channems)

85
Q

Na reabsorption in DCT

A

7%
SECONDARY ACTVE CO TRANSPORT
Na/Cl CT

86
Q

Diuretics acts on Na cl channels on dct

A

Thiazides

87
Q

Anti aldosterone diuretic

A

Spironolactone

88
Q

Diuretic acting on epithelial sodium channels

A

Amiloride

89
Q

Disease mimics the action of thiazide in dct

A

Gittleman syndrome

90
Q

Handling of glucose by nephron

A

100% barbed in pct
Sglt2_luminnal side_secondary active co transoirt
Glut 2 basal side__facilitated diffusion

91
Q

Which potential responsible for contraction in basal electrical rhythm

A

Spike potential

92
Q

Frequency of BER

A

Stomach_4/min
Jejenum_11/min
Distal ileum -8/min
Sigmoid 6/min

93
Q

Movements of gi tract

A

Segmentation contractions(mixing contraction)
Peristalsis (for forward propulsion of food)
Migrating motor complex

94
Q

Peristalsis

A

By local myentric plexus
Neurotransmitter released in retrograde or oral to bolus–substnce p Ach
Neurotransmitter released anterograde caused to bolus __NO,VIp

95
Q

Bolus moves forward rate

A

2_25cm/sec

96
Q

Migrating motor complex by

A

Motilin
5cm/min
Interdigestive ri g of contraction from stomach ti distal ileum rt
Hunger contraction/house keeping contraction
3 phase each take 90 minutes for conpmetion

97
Q

First mmc occurs after

A

90_120 minutes after first meal

98
Q

GI REFKEXES

A

Receptive relaxation of stomach
Gastrocolic
Gastroileal
Enterogastric

99
Q

Enterogastric teflex

A 
neural as wells as hormonal reflex neural vago vagal
Stimuli
Duodenal distension
Acidity of gastric rhyme 
Osmolality of gastric rhyme

RESPONSE
Decrease in gastric motility
Decrease in gastric secretion

100
Q

Hormones responsible for enterogastric refelx

A

Peptide yy
CCK
Secretin

101
Q

Somatic mechano receptors types

A

RAPIDLY ADAPTING

  1. Pacinian corpuscle
  2. meissners corpuscle
  3. hair and organs

SLOWLY ADAPTING
MERKELSDISCS/MERKEL CELLS
Ruffin is and organs/ruffinis corpuscles
C mechano receptors

102
Q

Pacinian corpuscle

A

Size__2m×1mm
Nerve fibre Abeta
Receptor for fast vibration upto 80cps
Deep pressure poking

SITES
Joint capsules
Deep in skin(dermis)
Fascia muscles

103
Q

Meissners corpuscle

A 
Nerve fibre_A beta
SITES
Dermal pegs of glamorous skin_finger tips,lips,nipples
RECRPTOR FOR
fine,well localised touch(diacrininative touch)
Slow vibration 
Texture 
Topognosis
Braille
104
Q

Merckels corpuscle

A

SITE
Epidermis
Receptor for
Fine well localized touch sustained pressure

105
Q

Ruffin is corpuscle

A

SITE
dermis of hairy and glaborous skin
Receptor for skin stretch
Fluttering vibration

106
Q

Nuclear bag dynamic

A

Sensory /affernet_1a

Motor /efferent_Agama

107
Q

Nuclear bag static

A

Sensory /afferent1a 2

Motor/efferent_Agama static

108
Q

Dorsal column crosses at the level of

A

Medulla

109
Q

Spinothalamic taract crosses at the level of

A

Entry into spinal cord or 2 levels above

110
Q

Stretch reflexis

A

Monosynaptic refels

111
Q

Inverse stretch refkex is

A

Bistnaptic teflex

112
Q

Vestibule cerebellum functikns

A

Balance

Eye movements

113
Q

Spinocerebellum function

A

Coordination

114
Q

Cetebrocerebellum functoon

A

Motor planningp

115
Q

Cells of cerebellum

A 
EXCKTATORY
Granule cells
INHIBITORY
Basket cells
Stelate cells
Golgi cells
Purkinje cells
116
Q

Output of cerebellar cortex is from

A

Purkinje cells

117
Q

Output of cerebellum is from

A

Deep nuclei(excitatriryoutput)

118
Q

Input of cerebellum climbing fibres olive cerebellar

Mossy fibres

A

climbing fibres olive cerebellar

Mossy fibres

119
Q

Basal ganglia

A

Caudate nucleus and putman k/a striatum,95%GABA,5%__Ach,SSN
Lesion of caudate_chorea

GLOBUS PALLIDUS
Internal segment__GABA
External segement_GABA
Defect-ATHETOSIS

SUBSTANTIA NIGRA
Pars conpacta__dopamine
Pars reticularis –GABA

SUBTHALAMIC NUCLEUS OF LEWYS
GLUTAMATA

120
Q

Defects of substantia niagra pars compacata

A

Parkinson’s

121
Q

Heat loss centre

A

Anterior hypothalamus including ore optic nucleus

122
Q

Heat gain centre

A

Posterior hypothalamus

123
Q

Satiety and reward centre

A

Ventromedial hypothalamus

124
Q

Hunger,thirst,rage,aggression centre

A

Lateral hypothalamus

125
Q

Circadian rhythm

A

Suprachiasthmatic nucleus

126
Q

Sexual activity centre

A

Anterior most and posterior most portion of hypothalamaus

127
Q

Lesion over lateral hypothalamic area

A

Anorexia

128
Q

Lesion over ventromedial hypothalamus

A

Hyoerphagis and rage

129
Q

Hormones using camp as second messenger

A

Hypothalamic hormones__CRH,somatostatin

Anterior pituitary hormones__ACTH,TSH,FSH,LH,ADH,GLUCAGON,CATACHOLAMINES,(beta adrenergic)PTHCALCITONIN,ANGIOTENSIS 2

130
Q

Hormones using phospholipase as second messenger

A 
Hypothalamic hormones
TRH,GHRH,GnRH
ADH v1 and v3
Oxytocin
Catecholamines alpha receptors
131
Q

Hormones which do not need second messenger

A

Growth hormone
If 1
Prolactin
Insulin

132
Q

Totalblood volume

A

Plasma volume/1_hematocrit

Physiology (2 decks)

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