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Cell Flashcards

1
Q

Misfolded protein diseases

A

Prion

Alzheimer(a beta amyloi accumulation

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2
Q

Triad of precocious puberty
Skinnpigmentat
Bone dysplasia

A

Mccune albright syndrome

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3
Q

Ficks law

A

Diffusion =(concentration graduent x areal)/thickness

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4
Q

Action of steriod hoemone takes place in

A

Nuleus

Reveptor present in cytoplasam

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5
Q

G protein coipled receptors a/k/a

A

Seven transmembrane receptor or serpentine receptors

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6
Q

What causes premature aging (progeria)

A

Lamin mutation

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7
Q

Absent mannose 6 phosphate tagging leads to

A

I cell disease (inclusion)

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8
Q

Gibs donan equilibriuim is mainly by

A

Protein

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9
Q

Gap jnctn proteins

A

Connexon

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10
Q

Tight jnctions

A

Occludens
Claudens
Jams

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11
Q

Ekectrical synapse formed by

A

Gap junctions

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12
Q

Gap jnction found

A 
Cardiac muscles
Skeltal muscles
Retina
Mylein
Peripheral nerves
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13
Q

Charcot mary tooth ds

A

Peripheral neuropathy

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14
Q

Most osmotically active particle in ecf

A

Na

Icf k

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15
Q

Ph of ecf

A

7.4

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16
Q

Favilitated diffusion

A

Glucose trnsport
Amino acid
Urea

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17
Q

Sodium iodide symporter seen in

A 
Salivary gland
Thyroid
Gestational and lactationg breast
Intestinal epithelaial cellla
Placenta
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18
Q

Nernst equation

A

61.5/z log c1 /c2
Magnitude od wlequilibrium potential for a freely diffusible ion
C1 higher concentration
C2 lower concnet

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19
Q

Acetylcholine receptors are

A

Ligamd gated sodium and pottasium channels

Movement of sodium predominates

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20
Q

Lambert eaten and myasthenia gravis distinguish

A

Lambert weaksness improvess as day progreses

Mg(post synaptic membrane ds-wekaness increases as the day progresses

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21
Q

Optimum length equals to

A

That length at which maximum tension corresponds to a

Sarcomere lengthof 2-2.2micro

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22
Q

Tetanizing frequency

A

1/cp(sec)
Contarctoon period
Latent period excluded

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23
Q

Heart muscle cannot be tetanized becauses

A

Prolonged absolute refractory period due to ca influx

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24
Q

Cardiac index

A

Cardiac output per sq m of body surface area

3.2L/min/metersq

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25
Lv output more than rv out put due to
Physiological shunt
26
Mary s law
Heart rate inverse to bp
27
Basal electric rhythm produced by
Interstetial cells of cajal
28
Obligatory reansoarbtion of water by
Without adh Pct 15_20% Aqp 1
29
Facultative reabsorption
13_15% Aqp 1 Influenced by adh v2 receptors on collecting duct
30
Frequency of basal electric rhythm
Maximum duodenum 12/min | Minimum caecum--2/min
31
Vomiting centre receptors
5 ht3 | D2
32
Lateral cortico spinal tract distal muscles
A alpha uper limb flexors
33
Medial descending tract
Axial muscles
34
Lateral cortico spinal tract otherwise called
Pyramidal tract
35
Efferent for stretch reflexor myotactic refelxor deep tendon reflex
A alpha
36
Inverese stretch refelx efferen
A alpga | Bisynaptic reflex
37
Nulea of cerebellum
``` Fastigeal Globose Emboliformis Dentate Doctors eat good food Lateral to medium ```
38
Purkinje cells project to
Deep nuclei
39
Hormone using cyclic gmp as second messenger
Atrinatri uretic peptide
40
Doent need secnd messenger
Gh- jak stat pathway Insulin itself has tyrosine kinase activity Prolactin Igf 1
41
Receptor for lipid soluble hormones
Nuclear- Thyroid Estrogen
42
Depoarization phase is due to(action potential graph(
Sodium influx
43
Reoolarization phase
Opening of pottadium channels k influx decrease in Na
44
Hyoerpolarization phase due to
Slow closure of k channels
45
Length tension relationship | Frank starling law
More the initial length more the tension generated upto a physiological limit beyond that tension decreases
46
Plateau potential recorded from all parts of heart except
Sa node and av node
47
Plateau phase is due to
Opening of ca channels Gain of positive charge Slow Na Ca channels
48
Jvp
Seen on right internal jugular vein direct connection with RT atrium 3 positive waves__a c v 2 neg-- x descent and y descent
49
Jvp waves
A wave -- atrial contraction C-- bulging of closed tricuspid valve into RT atrium during isovolunetric contraction X descent closed tricuspid valve pulled downwards during ejection phase V wave --venous filling of rt atrium and opening of tricuspid valve Y descent---bllod flows from atrium to ventricles
50
Heart sound and jvp
S1--bw a and c wave S2--just before v wave S3--coincide with y descent S4__coincide with a wave
51
Cardiac output
Hr *stroke volume
52
Cardiac output
MAP/TPR
53
Venous return
Psf(mean systemic filling pressure)-RAP(rt atrial pressure)/resistance to venous return
54
Mean systemic filling pressure
Mean pressure exists in circulatory system when there is no blood motion Normal ==7 mmhg
55
Determinants of mean systemic filling pressure
Blood volume | Venous stone
56
Cardiac output and Ficks principle
Cardiac output = oxygen consumed (mL/min)/arterio venous oxygenmL/L)
57
Baroreceptors are
Stretch receptors found in carotid sinus and aortic arch
58
MAP and sympathetic activity by baroreceptors
Increase in MAP decrease sympathetic activity | Decrease in MAP increase sympathetic activity
59
Stimuli which increase renin
``` Hypovolemia Hemoorahafe Dehydration Hyponatremia Decrease in renal afferent arterioles pressure Renal artery stenosis Prolonged standing Increased sympathetic discharge ```
60
Bainbridge reflex
Sudden increase in blood volume results in increase in heart rate
61
Bezold jarisch reflex/coronary chemo reflex
Injection of substance into Corona6artery :serotonin Capsaicin Phenylbiguanides Veratrinide Results in hypotension and bradycardia
62
Maxmumairway resistance I fir
Medium sized bronchi 3 rd generation | Airflow is turbulent
63
Oxygen content
Oxygen in combination with hb +dissolved o2 | Hb(gm/dl)×1.34×%saturation +pco2×.003ml/dL/mmhg
64
OHDC
Sigmoid shape due to positive cooperativity | P50 _25_27mmhg/3.6 kiloPascal
65
Conditions with increased 2, 3 bpg
``` GEETHA excessive growth hormone Exercise Excess6thyroid hormone Anaemia High altitude ```
66
Conditions with decreased 2,3 bpg
Androgens | High altitude anaemia
67
GFR | Net filtration pressure
PGc_pieGc_pBc+pie Bc=45_20_10+0=15mmhg
68
GFR
Kf×net filtration pressure | Kf=permebilitt × surface area
69
Sensor for tubuloglomerular feedback
Macula densa cell(modified tubular epithelial cells at beginning of dct) It detect both Na and cl Produce adenosine
70
Site of action of tubuloglomerular feedback
Afferent arteriole
71
Auto regulation of gfr
Tubuloglomerular feedback Increase in gfr■■macula densa secrete adenosine■■acts on a1 receptors ■■release of calcium■■vasoconstriction ■■■decrease in gfr Decrease in gfr●●●MD●●RELEAeses NO2●●vasodialatation●●increase in GFR
72
PCT
``` Gfr remains ISOTONIC More reabsorption gucose amino acods__100% Ureas 52% H2o__2/3 Hc03__80% Na K Cl 60% ```
73
Descending loop of henle
Only water absorbed | At the end hypertonic
74
Thick ascending loop of henle
Absorption of sodium more than water Diluting segment Hypotonic
75
Collecting duct
ADH__increase water reabsorption | Aldosterone__incraese sodium reabsorption
76
Renal clearance | Volume of plasma free of a a substance in unit time
Clearence=UV/P mg/min U=urinary concentration V=rate of urine flow P=plasma concentration
77
Clearance of inulin
Equal to GFR | Clearance of PAH (low concentration)=RPF
78
Clearance of reabsorbed and secretary substance
Reabsorbed substance=less than inulin | Secretary =more than inuin
79
Renal handling of sodium
Filtered load of sodium ==GFR×plasma concentration =180L/day×140mmol/L=25300mmol/day
80
Sodium reabsorbed in all segments except
Descending thin loop
81
Sodium reabsorption in pct mechanism
Secondary active co transport__Na glucose co tran Na/aminiacid cut Na/P cut Na/lactate ct SECONDARY ACTIVE COUNTER TRANSPORT Na /H exchanger Cl/base exchanger
82
Sodium reabsorption in thick ascending loop
30% Na K 2 Cl CT Na/H exchanger K channels recycling
83
Diuretic acts on Na k 2cl channels at TAL
Lasix
84
Disease mimics the action of furosemide/lasix
Barter syndrome(barter protein at cl channems)
85
Na reabsorption in DCT
7% SECONDARY ACTVE CO TRANSPORT Na/Cl CT
86
Diuretics acts on Na cl channels on dct
Thiazides
87
Anti aldosterone diuretic
Spironolactone
88
Diuretic acting on epithelial sodium channels
Amiloride
89
Disease mimics the action of thiazide in dct
Gittleman syndrome
90
Handling of glucose by nephron
100% barbed in pct Sglt2_luminnal side_secondary active co transoirt Glut 2 basal side__facilitated diffusion
91
Which potential responsible for contraction in basal electrical rhythm
Spike potential
92
Frequency of BER
Stomach_4/min Jejenum_11/min Distal ileum -8/min Sigmoid 6/min
93
Movements of gi tract
Segmentation contractions(mixing contraction) Peristalsis (for forward propulsion of food) Migrating motor complex
94
Peristalsis
By local myentric plexus Neurotransmitter released in retrograde or oral to bolus--substnce p Ach Neurotransmitter released anterograde caused to bolus __NO,VIp
95
Bolus moves forward rate
2_25cm/sec
96
Migrating motor complex by
Motilin 5cm/min Interdigestive ri g of contraction from stomach ti distal ileum rt Hunger contraction/house keeping contraction 3 phase each take 90 minutes for conpmetion
97
First mmc occurs after
90_120 minutes after first meal
98
GI REFKEXES
Receptive relaxation of stomach Gastrocolic Gastroileal Enterogastric
99
Enterogastric teflex
``` neural as wells as hormonal reflex neural vago vagal Stimuli Duodenal distension Acidity of gastric rhyme Osmolality of gastric rhyme ``` RESPONSE Decrease in gastric motility Decrease in gastric secretion
100
Hormones responsible for enterogastric refelx
Peptide yy CCK Secretin
101
Somatic mechano receptors types
RAPIDLY ADAPTING 1. Pacinian corpuscle 2. meissners corpuscle 3. hair and organs SLOWLY ADAPTING MERKELSDISCS/MERKEL CELLS Ruffin is and organs/ruffinis corpuscles C mechano receptors
102
Pacinian corpuscle
Size__2m×1mm Nerve fibre Abeta Receptor for fast vibration upto 80cps Deep pressure poking SITES Joint capsules Deep in skin(dermis) Fascia muscles
103
Meissners corpuscle
``` Nerve fibre_A beta SITES Dermal pegs of glamorous skin_finger tips,lips,nipples RECRPTOR FOR fine,well localised touch(diacrininative touch) Slow vibration Texture Topognosis Braille ```
104
Merckels corpuscle
SITE Epidermis Receptor for Fine well localized touch sustained pressure
105
Ruffin is corpuscle
SITE dermis of hairy and glaborous skin Receptor for skin stretch Fluttering vibration
106
Nuclear bag dynamic
Sensory /affernet_1a | Motor /efferent_Agama
107
Nuclear bag static
Sensory /afferent1a 2 | Motor/efferent_Agama static
108
Dorsal column crosses at the level of
Medulla
109
Spinothalamic taract crosses at the level of
Entry into spinal cord or 2 levels above
110
Stretch reflexis
Monosynaptic refels
111
Inverse stretch refkex is
Bistnaptic teflex
112
Vestibule cerebellum functikns
Balance | Eye movements
113
Spinocerebellum function
Coordination
114
Cetebrocerebellum functoon
Motor planningp
115
Cells of cerebellum
``` EXCKTATORY Granule cells INHIBITORY Basket cells Stelate cells Golgi cells Purkinje cells ```
116
Output of cerebellar cortex is from
Purkinje cells
117
Output of cerebellum is from
Deep nuclei(excitatriryoutput)
118
Input of cerebellum climbing fibres olive cerebellar | Mossy fibres
climbing fibres olive cerebellar | Mossy fibres
119
Basal ganglia
Caudate nucleus and putman k/a striatum,95%GABA,5%__Ach,SSN Lesion of caudate_chorea GLOBUS PALLIDUS Internal segment__GABA External segement_GABA Defect-ATHETOSIS SUBSTANTIA NIGRA Pars conpacta__dopamine Pars reticularis --GABA SUBTHALAMIC NUCLEUS OF LEWYS GLUTAMATA
120
Defects of substantia niagra pars compacata
Parkinson's
121
Heat loss centre
Anterior hypothalamus including ore optic nucleus
122
Heat gain centre
Posterior hypothalamus
123
Satiety and reward centre
Ventromedial hypothalamus
124
Hunger,thirst,rage,aggression centre
Lateral hypothalamus
125
Circadian rhythm
Suprachiasthmatic nucleus
126
Sexual activity centre
Anterior most and posterior most portion of hypothalamaus
127
Lesion over lateral hypothalamic area
Anorexia
128
Lesion over ventromedial hypothalamus
Hyoerphagis and rage
129
Hormones using camp as second messenger
Hypothalamic hormones__CRH,somatostatin | Anterior pituitary hormones__ACTH,TSH,FSH,LH,ADH,GLUCAGON,CATACHOLAMINES,(beta adrenergic)PTHCALCITONIN,ANGIOTENSIS 2
130
Hormones using phospholipase as second messenger
``` Hypothalamic hormones TRH,GHRH,GnRH ADH v1 and v3 Oxytocin Catecholamines alpha receptors ```
131
Hormones which do not need second messenger
Growth hormone If 1 Prolactin Insulin
132
Totalblood volume
Plasma volume/1_hematocrit

Physiology (2 decks)

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