CE-172N Flashcards
What type of engine does your aircraft have?
Lycoming 0360
Horizontally-opposed
Air-cooled,
Normally aspirated
Direct-drive
Carburetor equipped,
Four-cylinder engine with a 360 cu. in. displacement.
What is the horsepower and engine rpm for your aircraft?
180 HP, 2700 RPM
with PowerFlow Exhaust adding 23 HP
What type of propeller does your aircraft have?
A fixed pitch propeller.
Fuel:
Gravity Fed
40 Usable
What type of fuel is approved for your aircraft and what are the associated fuel colors?
100LL Grade Aviation Fuel (blue), and 100 Grade Aviation Fuel (Green).
What is the total and usable fuel capacity for your aircraft?
43 total gallons, with 40 usable gallons.
What type of oil does your aircraft use?
AeroShell 100
Max Oil Temp:
and
Max Operating Temp:
242
and
210
What is your aircrafts oil capacity?
6-8 quarts
What is the empty weight for your aircraft?
Glenns Seaplane: 1790.51
What is the max weight for your aircraft in the normal category?
2300 lbs
Glenns Seaplane: GW 2550
Total Weight Not To Exceed:
2550 (GW)
STC - SECTION 7: AIRPLANE AND SYSTEMS DESCRIPTIONS
The floatplane is identical to the Iandplane with the following exceptions:
- Floats incorporating a water rudder steering system, replace the landing gear. A water rudder retraction handle, connected to the dual water rudders by cables and pulleys, is located on the cabin floor.
- An Additional fuselage structure is added to support the float installation.
- An additional structural V-brace is installed between the top of the glare shield and the wing root.
- Wing flap limit switches or notches are adjusted to restrict the maximum flap travel to 30°.
- The fuel strainer is modified for floatplane use.
- The standard propeller is replaced with a propeller of larger diameter and flatter pitch.
- A lower cowl cooling lip has been added for better engine cooling.
- Hoisting provisions are provided to the top of the fuselage.
- Fueling steps and assist handles are mounted on the forward fuselage and steps are mounted on the wing struts to aid in refueling the floatplane.
- Amphibian placards are added.
- Ventral fin installed on Cessna Rl 72K, 172 A thru P, 175 & 175A when STC’d engines SA293NW, SA340NW, SA807CE or SA00461SE (with 0-360A-1Aor 0-360A-1D) are installed.
- Retractable landing gear v.-ith electro/hydraulic power pack and manual hand pump back up have been added.
- Nose wheels are full swiveling, and independent left and right main bra1res are used for steering.
Float Type & Weight:
Baumann 2550
Each float can keep as much as 2,500 lbs afloat
Float Constructions:
Aluminum
8 chambers per side
The plane will float even if one float is completely damaged
Landing Gear:
Hydraulic
350/450 PSI in system
Gear, any speed
Manual Handpump 46 cycles
Mechanical Indicators
Hydraulic Reservoir:
5606 Hydraulic Fluid
Visible in Sight Glass
Flaps:
Placarded
Max Position is 30 degrees
When to use Water Rudders:
DOWN: Only when taxiing at idle with the stick back
UP: For fast/step taxi, take off on water/land, and when weather-vanning into the wing
Vortex Generators:
Only 5 can be missing for flight
What is the VNE for your airplane?
160 KIAS
What is the Vso for your airplane?
48 KIAS
What is the Vs for your airplane?
53 KIAS
What is the VNO for your airplane?
128 KIAS
What is VA at max weight for your aircraft?
97 KIAS
Does VA increase or decrease with a weight increase?
VA speed increases with a weight increase.
What is the VFE for your aircraft?
85 KIAS
What is the short field obstacle clearance speed for your aircraft?
59 KIAS (with no flaps)
What is the obstacle clearance speed for 10 degrees of flaps, when taking off from a soft field?
55 KIAS
What are the procedures for an over-primed aircraft during starting procedures?
It is necessary to clear the excess fuel from the combustion chambers. Set the mixture control to full lean and the throttle to full open; then crank the engine through several revolutions with the starter. Repeat starting procedure without any additional priming.
During an magneto check, what does a lack of RPM decrease indicate?
Indicates faulty grounding of the P-lead wire on one side of the ignition system or should be an indication that the magneto timing is set in advance of the setting specified.
What precautions should be taken when taking off on loose gravel?
Full power should be applied smoothly and slower than normal to avoid gravel being sucked into the propeller and engine.
At what altitude should the mixture be leaned for takeoff?
Above 3000 feet elevation.
When should slips be avoided?
With flap settings greater than 20 degrees.
How many spark plugs does each cylinder have?
2 each (4x2=8 total)
What type of carburetor does your aircraft have?
It is equipped with an up-draft, float-type, fixed jet carburetor mounted on the bottom of the engine. Fuel is delivered to the carburetor by gravity flow from the fuel system.
How is the engine cooled?
- Primarily through ram air. 2. Secondarily by engine oil. 3. Lastly by the mixture.
When the fuel gages indicate E, how much fuel is left in each tank?
1.5 gallons in each tank.
How is fuel measured in the aircraft?
Through two float-type fuel quantity transmitters.
When should you examine the fuel in your aircraft?
The first flight of every day and after every refueling to check for water and contamination.
What type of brakes does your aircraft have?
The airplane has a single-disc, hydraulically-actuated brake on each main landing gear wheel.
What are some symptoms of impending brake failure?
Gradual decrease in braking action after brake application, noisy or dragging brakes, soft or spongy pedals, and excessive travel and weak braking action.
What action would build braking pressure?
Pumping the pedals
How is electrical energy applied to your aircraft?
Through a 14 volt, direct-current system powered by an engine-driven, 60 amp alternator and a 12 volt, 14-amp hour battery.
How many electrical buses does your aircraft have?
Two: Primary bus, and an Avionics bus.
What connects the primary and avionics bus?
The avionics power switch.
When is the primary bus on?
Anytime the master switch is on.
Why should the avionics power switch be in the off position prior to turning the master switch on/off, starting the engine or applying external power source?
To prevent harmful transient voltage from damaging the avionics equipment.
What type of master switch does the aircraft have?
The master switch is a split-rocker type switch. The right half of the switch controls all electrical power to the airplane and is labeled BAT, and the left half, labeled ALT, controls the alternator.
What happens if you place the ALT switch in the off position?
All the electrical loads will be placed on the battery.
What does the ammeter on your aircraft do?
It indicates the flow of current in amperes form the alternator to the battery, or from the battery to the airplane electrical system.
What does it mean if the red HIGH VOLTAGE light illuminates?
This means that there was an over-voltage condition and the over-voltage sensor automatically removed the alternator field current and shut down the alternator. The battery is now supplying all electrical power.
How can you reset the over-voltage sensor?
You can reset it by placing the avionics switch to the off position, and then turning the master switch off and back on again. If the warning light remains off then normal alternator charging has resumed; if light returns a malfunction has occurred and you should land immediately. In either case, the avionics power switch may be turned on again if required.
How does the alternate static source work?
This valve supplies static pressure from inside the cabin instead of the external static port.
What does the vacuum system consist of and what does it provide suction for?
Consists of a vacuum pump mounted on the engine, a vacuum relief valve and air filter and a suction gage. It provides suction for the attitude indicator and the heading indicator.
What is the best glide speed for your aircraft?
65 KIAS.
How are each of the six instruments in your airplane controlled?
There are three controlled through the pitot static system (Airspeed indicator, altitude indicator, and vertical speed indicator), one electrically controlled gyro (turn coordinator), and the other two gyros which are vacuum controlled (attitude indicator and heading indicator).
What four strokes must occur in each cylinder of a typical four stroke engine in order for it to produce full power?
Intake: Fuel mixture is drawn into the cylinder by a downward stroke. Compression: Mixture is compressed by upward stroke. Power: spark ignites mixture forcing piston downward and producing power. Exhaust: burned gases pushed out of cylinder by upward stroke.
What does the carburetor do?
Carburation is the process of mixing fuel and air in the correct proportions so as to form a combustible mixture. The carburetor vaporizes liquid fuel into small particles and then mixes it with air. It measures the airflow and meters the fuel accordingly.
How does the carburetor heat system work?
A carb heat valve, controlled by the pilot, allows unfiltered, heated air from a shroud located around an exhaust riser or muffler to be directed to the induction air manifold prior to the carburetor.
What change occurs to the fuel/air mixture when applying carburetor heat?
Normally, it results in a richer mixture. Warm air is less dense, resulting in less air for the same amount of fuel.
What does the mixture control do?
This regulates the fuel-to-air ratio. The purpose is to prevent the mixture from becoming too rich at high altitudes due to decreasing air density. It is also used to conserve fuel and provide optimum power during cross-country flights
What type of ignition system does your airplane have? And explain how the starting process works.
Engine ignition is provided by two engine-driven (AC generator) magnetos, and two spark plugs per cylinder. The ignition system is completely independent of the aircraft electrical system. The magnetos are self contained and engine driven, and supply electrical current without any other external source. When the starter is taken to start, that activates the solenoid, which allows the battery power to connect to the electrically driven starter motor, which spins around quickly, centrifugal force throws out a gear, which catches the crankshaft and turns the propeller. The propeller turns the magneto coupler to produce a spark which crosses a gap to the spark plugs in the cylinders, which ignites the fuel/air mixture, and starts the compression process starts. Once this process starts, the starter motor stops, and the magnetos are driven off of the engines, as well as the alternator.
What are the two main advantages of a dual ignition system?
- Increased safety: in case one system fails the engine may be operated on the other until a landing is safely made.
What type of fuel system does your airplane have?
Gravity feed fuel system.
What is the purpose of the fuel tank vents?
As the fuel level in the aircraft tanks decreases, a vacuum would be created within the tank which would eventually result in a decreasing fuel flow and finally engine stoppage. The venting provides a way of replacing fuel with outside air, preventing formation of a vacuum.
What is the function of the manual primer, and how does it operate?
The manual primers primary function is to provide assistance in starting the engine. The primer draws fuel from the fuel strainer and injects it directly into the cylinder intake ports. This results in a quicker and more efficient start.
How are the circuits for the various electrical accessories within the aircraft protected?
They are protected by circuit breakers and some fuses.
What does the electrical system provide power for in the airplane?
Radio equipment, turn coordinator, fuel gages, pitot heat, lights, flaps, stall warning system, oil temperature gages.
What function does the voltage regulator have?
This is a device which monitors system voltage, detects changes, and makes the required adjustments in the output of the alternator to maintain constant regulated system voltage. This is done at low RPM on the ground, and high RPM during flight. In a 28 volt system it will maintain 28 volts +-.5 volts.
Why is the generator/alternator voltage output slightly higher than the battery voltage?
The difference in voltage keeps the battery charged.
How does the aircraft cabin heat work?
Fresh air, heated by an exhaust shroud, is directed to the cabin through a series of ducts.
What are the five basic functions of aircraft oil?
Lubricates - the engines moving parts, cools - the engine by reducing friction, removes - heat from the cylinders, seals - provides a seal between the cylinder walls and pistons, and cleans - by carrying off metal and carbon particles and other oil contaminants.
What causes carburetor icing and what are the first indications?
The vaporization of fuel, combined with the expansion of air as it passes through the carburetor, causes a sudden cooling of the mixture. The temperature of the air passing through the carburetor may drop as much as 60 degrees F within a fraction of a second. Water vapor is squeezed out by this cooling, and if the temp reaches 32 F or below, it will turn into frost or ice inside the carburetor. The first indication of carb ice is a drop in engine RPM.
How can you determine that carburetor ice has been eliminated?
When heat is first applied there will be a drop in RPM. If ice is present there will be a rise in RPM after the initial drop. Then after carb heat is removed, the RPM will rise to a higher RPM then before application of heat.
What conditions are favorable for carburetor icing?
Temperatures below 70 degrees F and relative humidity of 80 percent. However, due to the sudden cooling that occurs in the carburetor, icing can occur even with high temperatures.
What is detonation?
This is an uncontrolled, explosive ignition of the fuel/air mixture within the cylinder’s combustion chamber. It causes excessive temperature and pressure, which, if not corrected, can quickly lead to failure of the piston, cylinder, or valves. Detonation is most likely to occur when operating at high power settings.
What instruments operate off the pitot/static system?
Altimeter, airspeed indicator, and VSI
How does an altimeter work?
Aneroid wafers expand and contract as atmospheric pressure changes, and through a shaft and gear linkage, rotate pointers on the dial of the instrument.
What is absolute altitude?
The vertical distance above the ground.
What is indicated altitude?
The altitude read directly from the altimeter after it is set to the current altimeter setting.
What is pressure altitude?
The altitude when the altimeter setting is set to 29.92.
What is true altitude?
The true vertical distance of the aircraft above sea level. (MSL altitudes).
What is density altitude?
Pressure altitude adjusted for nonstandard temperature variations.
How does the airspeed indicator operate?
The airspeed indicator is a deferential pressure gauge that measures the differences between impact pressure from the pitot head and undisturbed atmospheric pressure from the static source.
What is the limitation of the airspeed indicator?
The airspeed indicator requires proper flow of air to the pitot/static system.
What are the different type of aircraft speeds?
IAS - Indicated Air Speed: speed of the airplane as observed on the airspeed indicator. CAS - Calibrated AIr Speed: the airspeed indicator reading corrected for position, and instrument errors. EAS - Equivalent Air Speed: the airspeed indicator reading corrected for position error, or instrument error, and for adiabatic compressible flow for the particular altitude.
How does the vertical speed indicator work?
The VSI is a pressure differential instrument. Inside the instrument case is an aneroid like the one in the airspeed indicator. As the aircraft ascends, the static pressure becomes lower and the pressure inside the case compresses the aneroid, moving the pointer upward.
What are the limitations of the VSI?
The VSI is not accurate until the aircraft is stabilized. There is a 6 to 9 second lag required for it to equalize or stabilize pressures. Sudden or abrupt changes in aircraft attitude will cause erroneous instrument readings.
What instruments contain gyroscopes?
The turn coordinator, the heading indicator, and the attitude indicator.
What are the two fundamental properties of a gyroscope?
Rigidity in Space: a gyroscope remains in a fixed position in the plane in which it is spinning.
How does the vacuum system operate?
An engine-driven vacuum pump provides suction which pulls air from the instrument case. Pressure directed into the case is directed against rotor vanes to turn the gyro at high speed, much like a water vane. The air is drawn into the instrument through a filter from the cockpit and eventually vented outside.
How does the attitude indicator work?
The gyro in the attitude indicator is mounted on a horizontal plane and depends upon rigidity in space for its operation. The horizon bar is fixed to the gyro and remains in a horizontal plane as the airplane is pitched or banked.
What are the limitations of the attitude indicator?
There are pitch and bank limits, which if are exceeded will cause the gyro to tumble or spill and give incorrect indications until reset.
What are the errors of the attitude indicator?
Attitude indicators are free from most errors, but there may be a slight nose up indication during a rapid acceleration and a nose down indication during rapid deceleration.
How does the heading indicator operate?
The rotor of the gyro turns in a vertical plane, and the compass card is fixed to the rotor. Since the rotor remains rigid in space, the points on the card hold the same position in space relative to the vertical plane.
What are the limitations of the heading indicator?
There are bank and pitch limits, which if exceeded the instrument will spill or tumble and need to be reset.
What error is the heading indicator subject to?
Because of precession, caused chiefly by friction, the heading indicator will creep or drift from a heading to which it is set. It should be reset every 15 minutes.
How does the turn coordinator operate?
The turn part of the instrument uses precession to indicate the direction and approximate rate of turn. A gyro reacts by trying to move in reaction to the force applied thus moving the needle or miniature aircraft in proportion to the rate of turn. The slip/skid indicator is liquid-filled tube ball that reacts to centrifugal force and gravity.
What information does the turn coordinator provide?
The yaw and roll of the aircraft around the vertical and longitudinal axes. When the miniature airplane is aligned with the turn index, it represents a standard rate turn or 3 degrees per second. 180 degrees would take 1 minute, and 360 degrees would take 2 minutes.
What will the turn coordinator indicate when the aircraft is in a skidding or slipping turn?
Slip - The ball in the tube will be on the inside of the turn.
