CDs Flashcards
1
Q
Contract Sum
A
As stated in the Owner-Contractor Agreement, this is the total amount payable by the owner to the contractor. It is the payment for the performance of the work done under the requirements of the contract documents.
2
Q
What are the owner’s obligations to the contractor?
A
- Furnish evidence of the necessary funds to complete the project
- Pay for necessary approvals, assessments, etc. (except permits and fees)
- Provide legal descriptions and site surveys including utility locations and easements
- Provide copies of the necessary drawings for the execution of the construction
3
Q
According to the AIA Document A2.01-2007, and architect’s periodic site visits during construction are considered:
A. supervisions
B inspections
C. observations
D. examinations
A
(C) observations
Other than the two required inspections of a project, the architect’s site visits are an observation of the project. The architect may visit the site several times in an effort to become familiar with the process. This allows the architect to keep the owner informed of progress, protect the owner against any deficiencies, and see that the construction is in accordance with the contract documents
4
Q
Construction cost included all of the following except:
A. Labor
B. Contingencies
C. Surveys
D. Contractor Fees
A
(C) surveys
Construction costs excludes the fees for professional services, for example, architect fees and surveys, as well as other budget items that are the responsibility of the owner such as land costs and financing.
5
Q
In a typical project manual, what compromises the contract forms?
A
- The Owner- Contractor Agreement
- The Performance Bond
- A Payment Bond
- A Certificate of Insurance
6
Q
According to the AIA General Conditions, what are the architect’s responsibilities regarding shop drawings?
A
They are responsible for the timely review and approval of shop drawings. Their approval verifies the shop drawing’s conformance with the design intent of the contract documents. Their review is not intended to determine the accuracy of dimensions, quantities, or completeness of information and does not constitute approval of any safety precautions or construction methods.
They may request that the contractor revise and resubmit shop drawings. Records of these and other submittals should be maintained to avoid possible claims.
7
Q
During the bid phase, a bidder finds two different details for the same connection. What is the correct course of action?
A. Provide a bid price for the less expensive detail
B. Provide a contingency allowance
C. Notify the architect
D. Increase the bid to cover both options
A
(C) notify the architect
The discrepancy should be brought to the attention of the architect in writing. The architect should interpret the conflict and determine which detail is appropriate. Then the architect should issue an addendum to all bidders for clarification. This will allow contractors to bid more accurately.
8
Q
During a site visit an architect observes an unsafe condition in the execution of construction. What course of action should the architect take?
A
The architect should notify the contractor of the condition immediately and, if necessary, follow up by including the observation in a field report. It is the contractor’s responsibility to maintain site safety. Therefore, the architect should not make corrective suggestions or recommendations regarding construction means and techniques. In the event of an accident these recommendations could result in the architect’s exposure to liability.
9
Q
With regard to the owner, what is the architect’s role in the bidding process?
A
During the construction documents phase, the architect is required to assist the owner in the preparation of the bidding documents and requirements. Other obligations of the architect include assisting the owner in:
- Compiling a list of prospective bidders or contractors
- Obtaining competitive bids or negotiated proposals
- Preparing a awarding contracts for construction
- Evaluation of the successful bid proposal
10
Q
Labor often compromises what percentage of the construction cost?
A. 10%
B. 25%
C. 50%
D. 75%
A
(C) 50%
Labor costs account for a substantial portion of the construction cost, often as much as 50% or more. Therefore, the architect should endeavor to minimize the amount of on-site labor. The use of repetitive elements or prefabricated components are two methods used to speed construction and reduce labor costs.
11
Q
Define Fast Track
A
A type of delivery scheduling that attempts to decrease the total project time by overlapping the design and construction phases. In these projects contracts are awarded to different contractors in stages, as the design is completed.
For example, work on the foundation can begin while the architect completes the design details for mechanical systems.
12
Q
Define Master Format
A
The standard outline of construction materials and components developed by the Construction Specifications Institute (CSI). The format, including the 16 primary divisions, were revised in 2004 and forms the basics by which the building trades organize information.
For example, information regarding door hardware or window frames can be found in division 08, Openings.
13
Q
A list of subcontractors and a list of material substitutions will typically be found in which part of the construction documents?
A
These supplements to the bid forms will be found in the bidding requirements portion of the project manual.
14
Q
What are the characteristics of mechanical, electrical, and plumbing drawings?
A
The drawings and schedules prepared by these consultants contain information regarding the systems themselves, such as equipment dimensions and the sizes of the ducts or pipes. They are diagrammatic as a rule and do not contain complete dimensional information relating the systems to the physical conditions. The exact location of many of these components may be determined in the field by the contractor. Therefore it is imperative that the architect coordinate the work of the consultants with the architectural working drawings.
15
Q
Arbitration
A
Widely used in the construction industry, it is a method of dispute resolution between project participants that does not involve litigation. In this process, claims from both parties are submitted to a mutually acceptable arbitrator. These proceedings are conducted under the rules of the American Arbitration Association. The award is final and binding and may be enforced by the courts. It is usually quicker and less expensive than litigation. It is private and does not become part of the public record.
16
Q
Gradient Ratio
A
A term used to describe a slope. Although the formula for percentage of slope is solved using d/L (rise over run), this term is usually expressed as a ratio between the horizontal distance (run) and the vertical rise (or fall) of a grade. For example, 5:1 designates five feet of run to a one foot change in vertical height. 5:1 or 1/5 = .20 or 20%
17
Q
Multiple Prime Contract
A
This is an approach where an owner contracts separately with more than one contractor for the major portions of a job, such as the mechanical or plumbing work. This can be difficult to coordinate and may require the services of a construction manager.
The most common form of owner contractor agreement is the Single Prime Contract where one contractor is responsible to the owner for the entire project.
18
Q
Fixed Fee
A
A method of compensation for professional or construction services based on a lump-sum amount for a particular scope of service. Convenient when services can be accurately defined. A contingency should be included to cover the risk that costs may exceed the budget on which the fee is based.
Also called a Stipulated Sum Agreement (see AIA Document A101-2007). Reimbursable services such as postage and reproductions are usually in addition to the contract sum. This method of compensation is more common than cost plus fee.
19
Q
Application for Payment
A
These itemized requests for payment are made by the contractor and submitted to the architect at specific intervals during a project. These periodic payments by the owner are called progress payments and are for the completed portion of the work including materials and equipment stored on and off site if approved by the owner. They are to be submitted at least 10 days prior to the date established by the schedule of values.
Prior to payment the architect reviews the contractor’s request, and if approved, issues a certificate for payment to the owner.
20
Q
When is the use of mock-ups appropriate?
A
This is the process of modeling an object or building component, to scale or full size, for the purpose of studying or clarifying construction details, aesthetics, scale, or testing performance. It is useful when an innovative detail is specified and the additional time and cost of preparing the model outweighs the potential cost of unforeseen problems.
21
Q
Methods of settling conflicts between the contracted parties in a construction project other than litigation are commonly referred to as:
A. AAA
B. CMR
C. MMP
D. ADR
A
ADR, Litigation is costly, time consuming, and part of the public record. As a result, the construction industry has developed Alternative Dispute Resolution. These methods allow for the resolution of disputes without legal intervention. If methods such as direct negotiation and architect as arbitrator have failed, the two basic means of ADR are:
Mediation: A mediator empowers the participants to resolve the dispute themselves yet has no power to force a resolution
Arbitration: A mutually acceptable arbitrator, knowledgeable in the construction industry, will hear arguments, evidence, etc. prior to rendering a legally binding decision.
Since each successive step in dispute resolution represents an increase in the necessary investment of time and money, it is important to prevent disputes. After disputes occur, they should be resolved at the lowest level. As a last resort, binding adjudication should be employed.
22
Q
How much time does an architect have to process shop drawings submitted by the contractor?
A
With regard to submittals, the architect is expected to; review and approve, or take other action with “reasonable promptness,” according to the AIA General Conditions. This allows sufficient time for architectural review without causing a delay in the progress of the project. The exact amount of time is not specified but 10 working days is common. (see AIA Document A201-2007)
23
Q
The statement issued by the contractor, that describes the portions of the Contract Sum that are allocated to the various parts of the project, is called a:
A. Critical Path Allotment
B. Certificate of Itemization
C. Task Breakdown
D. Schedule of Values
A
Schedule of Values: This schedule, furnished to the architect prior to the first application for payment, is issued as the basis by which the architect reviews the contractor’s application, approves progress payments, and issues certificates for payment to the owner.
24
Q
Closed Specifications
A
Also called Prescriptive, Base Bid, or Proprietary Specifications, where specific products or processes are stipulated without provision for substitution.
25
Open Specifications
Often used for public projects to ensure competitive bidding, it allows the contractor to substitute products of equal quality and performance if approved by the architect.
26
Performance Specifications
A type of Open Specification that sets criteria and defines the results required of the assembly, component, or device being specified.
27
Cash Allowance Specifications
Establishes a dollar amount allocated for each item in the specification
28
Reference Standard Specifications
A type of Performance Specification where items specified must meet certain requirements set by an accepted authority or test method such as, (UL) Underwriter’s Laboratories, (ASTM) American Society for Testing and Materials or (ANSI) American National Standards Institute
29
Describe the role of a Construction Manager (CM)
A key figure in the construction management project delivery method. A CM is added to the traditional architect, owner, and contractor team. The CM is hired by the owner, usually for complex or fast-track projects where there are critical budget or scheduling issues or when an owner requires detailed construction and technical advice. CM services may be provided by architects, contractors, designers, as well as other professionals. The construction manager may assume one of three roles:
CM-Advisor: the CM advises the owner regarding constructability and budget issues during the design and construction process and assists the owner in contractor selection but does not act as builder.
CM-Agent: The owner hires the CM first. The CM assumes financial authority and manages the entire project, through construction, on behalf of the owner.
CM-Constructor: Hired by the owner when design is 30% complete. The CM advises the owner prior to construction and then builds the project, usually for a Guaranteed Maximum Price (GMP) based on design documents at the end of design development.
30
How many times must the architect inspect a project?
A. One time
B. Two times
C. Three Times
D. Continuously during construction
(B) Two Times
The architect will visit the site at appropriate stages throughout the course of construction to determine if the work is being completed in manner that, when completed, will be in accordance with the Contract Documents. However, According to AIA Document A201-2007, General Conditions of the contract for Construction, the architect is normally required to make only two on-site inspections of a project. The first, to determine the date of substantial completion and the second is to determine final completion.
31
How do local laws impact AIA Document A201-2007?
They supersede the General Conditions for the Contract for Construction. Contract documents may require modification to comply. When necessary, they should be identified in the special conditions of the contract.
32
A contractor submits a bid price for the cost of construction that shows a numerical figure of $56,000 and a written figure of sixty-five thousand. What are the ramifications of this inconsistency?
A contractor’s bid shows the cost of construction represented as both numbers and words. If there is any discrepancy between them, the written word takes precedent over the numbers.
33
Dimensional Tolerances
This is typically dependent upon the level of detailing or specifications in the construction documents. For example; ¼” out of plumb may be acceptable for a wall panel 9’-6” high. Millwork is generally about 1/64 inch while poured concrete may be 2” or more.
34
At what point during the standard phases of an architect’s schedule is a structural system proposed to the owner?
The use of a specific structural system would most likely be introduced during the design development phase of the schedule.
35
After the Contract for Construction has been executed, define substitution.
A request by the contractor to use a material, product or system, other than the one specified. This does not necessarily require a change order. However, the architect will review the formal request by the contractor, evaluate the replacement material, and may be entitled to additional compensation if the revisions to the drawings and specifications is significant.
36
On a renovation project, the architect is responsible to verify the accuracy of any existing drawings. How can the architect determine if a room is “square”?
Measure the length of each wall. Then take both diagonal measurements. If opposite wall lengths are equal and both diagonal measurements are equal, the walls are perpendicular.
To measure wall length accurately, measure a convenient dimension from one end of the wall and mark a line. Then measure from the opposite end of the wall to the line and add the dimensions together. This will reduce the inaccuracies that result from reading a tape measure that is bent into a corner.
37
What is the Construction Specifications Institute (CSI) and describe the MasterFormat.
CSI is an association that provides technical information, products and organizational systems for the construction industry.
The MasterFormat is the CSI standard for organizing specifications. It includes a list of titles and numbers for organizing information regarding construction requirements, products and activities. This standardized information facilitates communication between the participants in a construction project.
In order to address the ever-evolving construction industry, the MasterFormat, was last revised in 2010 with additional revisions expected in the future.
A 6-digit number system is used. For example 03 47 13
Where:
03 = division number or level one – Concrete
47 = level two – Site-Cast Concrete
13 = level three – Tilt-Up Concrete
38
Certificate for Payment
A statement from the architect to the owner verifying the amount of money due to the contractor for accomplished work. By issuing this statement the architect confirms that the work noted on the contractor’s Application for Payment has progressed according to the schedule of values, is in accordance with the contract documents, and that the contractor is entitled to payment from the owner.
Upon receipt of the Application for Payment, the architect has seven days to either, approve the contractor’s request and issue this statement to the owner, or contact the owner and contractor with the reason for withholding approval. (see AIA Document A201-2007)
39
Upon completion and distribution, the copyright on an architect’s drawings belongs to:
A. the owner
B. the architect
C. the contractor
D. the local governing agency
The architect: All drawings, specifications, and documents, including those in electronic form, that have been prepared by the architect will remain the copyrighted property of the architect. These documents are considered instruments of service. They may not be used for other projects, or additions to the project for which they were prepared, without the written permission of the owner and architect.
40
What is the architect’s authority regarding a contractors use of non-union labor in the construction of a project?
Although non-union workers may charge a lower labor rate, an architect has no authority over the contractor’s selection of his work force.
Construction work is usually organized and coordinated according to trade union rules and at the discretion of the contractor.
41
Define Unit Price
A contract or a bid amount, based on a definable measure such as the price per square foot of sheet rock or cubic yard of concrete. It is used on projects when it is difficult to determine the exact quantity of materials or equipment at the time of bidding and negotiation of the construction contract.
Unit cost, however, is a method of construction-cost estimating done by the architect during programming and pre-design.
42
Substantial Completion
This is the date in the progress of the project when it is sufficiently complete, according to the contract documents, and the owner may occupy all or a portion of the project for its intended use.
Typically, this is the date used for the certificate of occupancy. It is established when the architect, contractor and owner sign the Certificate of Substantial Completion (AIA Document G704-2000)
Warranties generally become active on this date, the final application for payment is processed, and the contractor is due the contract sum, less the value of the unfinished work. At final completion the contractor receives the final payment.
43
Which project phase usually requires the most amount of time?
Construction Documents Phase: This phase takes the most time for two reasons. First, the final drawings must be accurate, specifying every detail necessary to build the project as designed. Because construction bids are based on these drawings, inconsistencies and lack of information can lead to costly alterations.
Second, the architect is also responsible to assist the owner in construction preparation by establishing bidding requirements and contract conditions, and by developing the contract forms. The development of these documents to the degree necessary to protect the architect from legal conflict makes CD’s the most time consuming phase of a project.
44
Shop Drawings
Drawings, diagrams, schedules and other data required by the contract documents, prepared and supplied by a contractor, subcontractor, manufacturer, supplier, etc., and meant to illustrate a specific method of installation or fabrication for some portion of the project. They are meant to demonstrate the way in which the contractor proposes to provide the work. They are not considered contract documents. This information is reviewed and approved by the contractor and submitted to the architect for approval. (see AIA Document A201-2007, General Conditions of the Contract for Construction)
45
An architect suspects that a portion of some construction has not been done in compliance with the contract documents and requests that the owner have some testing done. The test results show that the work is in compliance with the requirements of the contract documents. Who is responsible to pay for the testing?
A. the contractor
B. the owner
C. the architect
D. the subcontractor responsible for the work in question
(B) The Owner
In this case, the owner is also responsible to pay for any work required to restore the construction to its pre-test condition. If, however, the tests prove that the work does not comply with the requirements of the contract documents then the contractor is responsible for the cost of testing as well as any repairs.
46
Under certain circumstances, an owner may occupy a project prior to substantial completion. To do so, the owner needs the consent of each of the following except:
A. the architect
B. the owner’s insurance company
C. the local building authorities
D. the contractor
(A) The Architect
Although it is the architect who determines the point of substantial completion, an owner may occupy all or a portion of an unfinished project for its intended use provided that:
1. The owner has the consent of the insurance company that is providing property insurance
2. The owner has received a Certificate of Occupancy from the local building authorities.
3. The owner and contractor have agreed, in writing, to their responsibilities regarding payments, maintenance, heat, utilities, etc. as well as the one-year correction period and the commencement of warranties.
47
When does the architect have the authority to order an aesthetic design change that will add two weeks to the construction time?
A. With the owner’s verbal approval of the changes.
B. With the contractors approval in writing.
C. Any time during the construction administration phase.
D. Upon completion of a change order.
(D) Upon completion of a change order
The architect may order changes affecting the contract time or contract sum only with the consent of the owner in the form of a construction change directive, or with the additional consent of the contractor in a change order.
48
A101-2007
Standard Form of Agreement between Owner and Contractor where the basis of payment is a Stipulated Sum (fixed price). To be used in conjunction with AIA Document A201-2007
49
A201-2007
General Conditions of the Contract for Construction. It defines the relationships, responsibilities and rights of the owner, contractor, and architect. Used as a reference for other documents such as the owner-contactor or owner-architect agreement.
50
B727-1988
Standard Form of Agreement between Owner and Architect for Special Services, such as planning or feasibility studies, that do not follow the standard phasing sequence of services found in Document B101-2007
51
G702-1992
Application and Certificate for Payment. With this document the contractor can apply for payment and the architect can certify that payment is due. This combined form is meant to expedite the payment process.
52
G711-1972
Architect’s Field Report. A standard form for the architect or field representative to record and maintain concise records of site visits and construction activities.
53
What is the main purpose of building codes?
While they do define minimum required standards and promote quality performance in the construction industry, the main purpose is to protect the health and safety of the public.
54
Retainage
A sum withheld from the progress payments to the contractor (usually 10%). These funds are places into an interest earning escrow account by the owner. They are later paid to the contractor upon issuance of the final certificate of payment. It is a method of compensating the contractor for money earned but not yet made available for the contractor's use (AIA A503-2007).
Before the owner will release the final payment to the contractor, an affadavit of liens is required. This protects the owner against liens or claims made by subcontractors for money due to that party by the contractor.
55
What is the essential difference between the Design- Build and Design-Bid-Build approaches to project delivery?
Design-build: The responsibility for both design and construction is combined. The owner has only one contract, with the designer/builder. All sub-contracts are made with the designer/builder.
Design-bid-build: The owner has contracts with atleast two entities, the architects and the builder. The architect is contracted to develop a set of construction documents. These are used to select bidders, establish a price for construction and administer a construction contract for the owner. The builder is responsible for construction.
56
The Final Certificate of Payment may be issued after the contractor accomplishes what task?
Upon the contractor's completion of the work outlines in the punch list, the architect may issue the final certificate of payment to the contractor.
57
With regard to the Project Delivery, define Construction Management (CM).
This is one of the three main methods of project delivery. Under a CM approach an owner hires a construction manager in addition to an architect and a contractor, usually on a complex fast-track project. They provide budget, scheduling, construction and technical expertise and work with the architect.
1. CM-Advisor: advises the owner on budget and constructability issues
2. CM-Agent: manages the entire project on behalf of the owner
3. CM-Constructor: hired at 30% design completion. Advises the owner prior to construction and then builds the project.
58
The process of establishing and accounting for the cost of construction items and systems for the estimated useful existence of a building is an analysis of the ___________.
A. replacement cost approach
B. life-cycle cost
C. maintenance management index
D. initial cost
(B) life-cycle cost
This is the initial operational cost of a building component or system during the estimated useful life span of a building. It includes maintenance costs, taxes, financing, fuel consumption, replacements, and renovation and is used to analyze the tradeoffs between initial and long term costs. These costs can be projected over time and compared to determine the most economical approach.
59
When is the architect the final arbitrator?
In a construction project the architect is the final arbitrator with regard to only artistic effect.
The architect can be the initial decision-maker in disputes between an owner and contractor. Although under the standard AIA documents the architect serves as the owner's representative, the architect also serves as an impartial interpreter of the requirements of the contract documents. Because of the potential conflict of interest, the owner or contractor may choose another method of dispute resolution, such as a dispute-review board, mediation, arbitration, or litigation.
60
Project Closeout
Defined according to the requirements of contract documents; final inspections, final payments, submittal of documentation, and acceptance of the construction project. As the project comes to an end, it is necessary for the architect to finalize outstanding billing, collections, project files, and create the project archive,
61
Field Tests and Inspections
They are paid for by the contractor as required by the contract documents. They are arranged by the contractor so that the architect may be present for the procedures. Additional procedures not specified or required after the receipt of bids will be a the owner's expense. With the owner's approval, the architect will instruct the contractor to make the arrangements.
62
What are the contents of a typical project manual?
The volume contains all of the bidding documents and contract documents that can be easily bound into book format. Other oversized information such as full size drawings should be included by reference. It may consist of:
- Title Sheet
- Table of Contents
- Bid Form
- Instruction to Bidders
- Proposed Owner-Contractor Agreement
- General Conditions and Supplementary Conditions
- Sample AIA Documents
- List of Drawings
- Signature Sheet
- Index to Specifications
- Specificactions
63
What is the typical sequence of construction drawings?
1. Title Sheet
2. Site and Landscape Information
3. Architectural
4. Structural
5. Mechanical
6. Plumbing
7. Electrical
The construction drawings are the organized presentation of the project. They are graphic representation of the work and generally contain site and building plans, elevations, sections, details, and schedules. The sequence of the drawings is based on the sequence of construction.
64
Once a contractor considers a project to be substantially complete, he compiles a list of unfinished items that is provided to the architect. The list is called what?
A. a task list
B. a list of final completion
C. a partial occupancy list
D. a punch list
(D) a punch list
Because the architect inspects a project at substantial completion, it is also called an inspection and is usually expanded by the architect as a result of a detailed inspection. The list includes items to be completed or corrected if not in accordance with the contract documents, prior to final payment to the contractor. Upon completion of these items, the architect will make a final punch list inspection. If the architect finds the project to be substantially complete, the contractor will submit a final application for payment.
65
An owner must decide whether to carpet or tile 15,000 SF of circulation space in an office building he intends to occupy for 20 years. Carpet has an initial cost of $6.50 SF and an operational cost of $2,300/yr. Tile has an initial cost of $8.75 SF and operational cost of $575.00/ yr. Which material has the lowest life-cycle cost?
Although the tile has a lower life cycle cost, the final decision would most likely be based on additional factors such as inflation and aesthetics.
66
1. Cost Plus Fee vs. 2. Percentage of Construction
1. An owner/contractor or owner/architect agreement in which the contractor or architect is reimbursed for the actual expenses to perform the work, including salaries, employee benefits, office overhead, etc., plus a negotiated fee for profit. Usually includes a guaranteed maximum price (GMP). (see AIA Document A102-2007) 2. A method of compensation for construction or professional services based on a percentage of the total cost of construction. (see AIA Document B101-2007)
67
How can discrepancies between the specifications and the working drawings be minimized?
The technical specifications and the drawings are interdependent documents and are meant to be complementary. They should work together to provide a complete description of the project. Coordination between these documents is essential and inconsistencies can be minimized in a variety of ways: 1. Dimensions for a particular part of a project should be noted once on only one of the two documents. 2. Terminology should be consistent, for example, use safety glass or laminated glass; gypsum wall board or drywall. 3. Describe installation methods and material quality in specifications only and quantitative descriptions in the drawings.
Typically, the information in the specifications is more legally binding than that in the drawings.
68
What is the architect's role regarding a pre-bid conference?
It is recommended that the architect participate in, and at the owner's request, organize a meeting for all of the prospective bidders prior to the bid date. This meeting is a means of familiarizing bidders with the project requirements, scope, any unique aspects of the project and answering any questions they may have. This gives the architect the opportunity to express the design intent and give a general overview of the goals of the project. Attendance is often required to submit a bid proposal. (see AIA Document 8101-2007).
69
A new building is to include a large central space. Two options are being considered. The first is to construct a circular rotunda, and the second is to construct a hexagonal court. With a limited budget, which option will most likely be used?
If financial considerations are the determining factor, a hexagonal court will most likely be the best option. It will utilize regular, rectilinear building components whereas a circular rotunda requires mostly custom curved elements, complex joint details, and custom finish work.
70
Construction Change Directive
A written order prepared by the architect, signed by the architect and owner, directing a change in the work. It is used in the modification of a project when the owner and contractor have yet to reach an agreement on a change in Contract Sum and Contract Time and if the modification is not implemented expeditiously, a delay in the project may result. The contractor has the right not to sign the document but is obligated to perform the work and the architect must then determine the adjustment to the contract.
71
Under which division of the CSI MasterFormat would each of the following topics be located?
1. Sustainable-Design Reporting, Historic Treatment Procedures, and Life-Cycle Activities.
2. Geodesic Domes
3. Door Hardware and Curtain Walls
4. Folding Partitions
5. Healthcare Sinks
6. Commercial Kitchen Hoods
7. Special Purpose Lighting
8. Paint
9. Excavation
10. Wall Decoration and Sculpture
As of the 2010 CSI revision:
1. 01 General Requirements
2. 13 Special Construction
3. 08 Openings
4. 10 Specialties
5. 22 Plumbing
6. 23 Heating, Ventilating, and Air Conditioning (HVAC)
7. 26 Electrical
8. 09 Finishes
9. 31 Earthwork
10. 12 Furnishings
72
What is the role of the architect regarding the owner and the use of the standard AIA contracts?
Although the standard AIA contracts are widely used in the construction industry and understood by contractors and clients alike, the architect should not advise a client on legal matters. Doing so may expose the architect to increased liability.
73
What are the main elements that comprise construction cost?
This is the total estimated cost to the owner for all elements of a project designed or specified by the architect. These elements include:
1. Labor
2. Materials
3. Equipment
4. Contingencies
5. Contractor overhead and profit. It does not include the architect's compensation, the cost of the land, or the cost of financing.
74
AIA Document A201-2007 is an integral part of the contract between which two parties? I. Owner-Architect II. Architect-Contractor III. Architect-Consultant IV. Owner-Contractor (A) I only (B) III only (C) I, II, and III only (D) I, III, and IV only
(D) 1, III and IV only
Defined as the General Conditions of the Contract for Construction, it is a key document in the Contract for Construction for a target project and is Incorporated by reference into the Owner-Contractor agreement. This document defines the responsibilities and the relationship between the owner, contractor and architect. Although the architect is not a party to the Contract for Construction, this document is frequently incorporated by reference into other agreements including Owner-Architect and Contractor-Subcontractor and is therefore referred to as the 'keystone' document.
75
A contractual obligation by which one person or entity agrees to reimburse another for loss or damage arising from specified liabilities. It is an example of a contractual liability such as "hold harmless" (see AIA Document A201-2007).
Indemnification
76
A type of surety obtained by the contractor. It is for the protection of the owner and Is used to help ensure that the work will ae completed In accordance with the contract documents (see AIA Document A312-1984).
Performance bond
77
A written promise or bond by a person or entity who guarantees the performance of an obligation of another party. It can protect an owner's Interests by ensuring that the contractor fulfills the requirements of the contract documents.
Surety
78
Protects two contracted parties from claims made by a third party. The architect for example, Is protected from claims by the contractor because the architect Is only contractually bound to the owner. This protection has deteriorated since the mid-1950's and architects are now Increasingly subject to litigation.
Privity
79
A soil test is requested by the architect. In most cases, who will pay for the test? (A) The contractor (B) The owner (C) The architect (D) The soil engineer
(B) The owner.
It is recommended that the owner, not the architect, furnish the services of a geotechnical engineer. These services may include test borings, test pits, percolation tests, tests of subsoil conditions, etc. These tests are not part of the architect's basic services. Because the information is furnished by the owner, the architect does not assume liability for the accuracy and completeness of the tests (see AIA Document 8101-2007). The owner may use AIA Document G602-1993 to request proposals for these services
80
An owner requests a particular manufacturer and model of commercial refrigerator, which specification type is most appropriate for the architect to use? (A) Open Specification (B) Performance Specification (C) Proprietary Specification (D) Reference Standard Specification
(C) Proprietary Specification.
This type of closed specification defines the use of specific products or systems and does not allow the contractor to substitute alternates.
81
Contingency Allowance
Included in a construction cost estimate. Initially, 5% of the total construction cost (including equipment and furnishings) that is added to the total construction budget to cover unforeseen costs such as alterations due to unavoidable site conditions. It is not intended to cover increases in the scope of a project. The percentage may be higher for renovation projects.
82
If a contractor refuses to keep the job site neat and orderly, what recourse does the owner have?
According to AIA Document A201-2007 General Conditions, if a dispute arises between the contractor or subcontractors, and the owner regarding the maintenance of the job site and keeping the area free from waste created during construction, the owner has the right to have the site cleaned. The architect will determine who is responsible and will allocate the cost of clean-up accordingly.
83
O.S.H.A.
Occupational Safety and Health Administration. Enacted in 1970, this federal agency was created in the interest of public safety and is charged with the responsibility of protecting workers from jobsite hazards. As an employer, the contractor must maintain construction site safety and adhere to the standards set by the agency. For legal liability reasons it is not the architect's responsibility to review site safety.
84
An architect may affect the contractor’s construction schedule by establishing certain criteria within the specifications. What are some of these criteria?
1. Establish deadlines for the ordering and delivery of materials, submittals and testing. 2. Specify all work to be accomplished according to the critical path method (CPM). 3. Allot a specific amount of time to perform all work. 4. Allow subcontractors to provide input. 5. Update the construction schedule on a monthly basis.
85
Errors and Omissions
A type of professional liability insurance. It is intended for the protection of the architect or other professional from liability arising from negligence or failure to meet the standards of care expected from a professional.
86
In general, what is the minimum amount of time an architect should give contractors to prepare a bid? (A) 1 week (B) 2 weeks (C) 3 weeks (D) 4 weeks
(B) 2 weeks
An appropriate amount of time may depend largely on the size and complexity of a project. In general, two weeks is sufficient although in some cases more time may be required. Without adequate time to study the bid documents, a contractor may include contingencies which can result in an unnecessarily high bid.
87
Fixed Limit
A written agreement signed by the owner and the architect that defines the maximum allowable construction cost. The architect has the authority to specify the quality of materials and equipment. However, if the lowest bid exceeds the agreed amount the architect may be required to revise the drawings and specifications in order to reduce the cost of construction.
88
Under what conditions might the feasibility of installing underground electrical power lines be in question?
Areas where bedrock or a high water table exist near the surface may cause excavation to be prohibitively expensive. It may be necessary to request that an owner furnish geotechnical information in order to determine the feasibility.
89
A revised contour line is represented on a topographic map by what type of line? (A) A solid line (B) A dashed line (C) A centerline (D) A break line
(A) A solid line
A solid line represents a new contour line whereas a dashed line represents an existing contour line. Remember that contour lines are labeled with the elevation number on the high side of the contour line.
90
What are the potential drawbacks of using a computerized master specification system?
Master specification systems were developed to simplify the specification process. They are often computerized, word processing systems that can be tailored to fit a particular project by editing or deleting certain information. Due to their broad scope, the architect risks accepting inappropriate materials if the specification is not thoroughly reviewed. However, since each project is unique, a totally comprehensive master specification system is difficult to create. In addition, with the progress of technology, these systems can quickly become out of date. They are not appropriate for every project and consequently architects will often use one of the proprietary systems based on the CSI format.
91
Many renovation projects are an inconvenience to the occupants. How can the disruption be minimized?
In order to maintain occupant comfort, occupied areas should be protected. Construction should be scheduled in phases where tasks are isolated. Contaminants such as dust and noise from demolition or fumes from painting and finishing can significantly reduce the Indoor Environmental Quality (IEQ) and should be contained. Return air ducts should be isolated and construction areas temporarily vented directly to the outside. Continual running of the HVAC system during the installation of finishes and furnishings will speed the off-gassing process of new materials. The increased ventilation also reduces the absorption of contaminants by porous materials.
92
According to the Standard Form of Agreement Between Architect and Consultant, who is responsible for the coordination of work designed by the consultant? (A) The Architect (B) The Contractor (C) The Consultant (D) The Owner
(C) The Consultant
The architect is under contract with the owner and is liable for the accuracy and completeness of their consultant's work. However, it is the responsibility of the consultant to coordinate the internal consistency of all drawings, specifications, reports, and other data submitted to the architect. They must also become familiar with the work of the architect and other consultants in order to facilitate project coordination. The architect is responsible to review the consultant's work for compliance with the program and for coordination with the architectural and engineering requirements.
93
Liens
A claim against an owner's property for outstanding payment of labor, materials, or services for that property. An architect or engineer may be entitled to impose this claim. To satisfy the claim, an owner may be forced to sell the property. This only applies to nongovernmental improvements and may not be imposed against other assets of the owner. Clear property title cannot be obtained until the claim is settled. Also called a Mechanic's Lien.
94
When is the architect authorized to act as the owner's agent?
Under the design-bid-build and Construction Management project-delivery methods, during the architect's administration of the Contract for Construction (the construction administration phase). Specifically, during construction until final payment is due, and also on occasion during the one year period for correction of work by the contractor.
95
Name a significant concern when specifying thermal glass for a southern exposure?
Protection against thermal stresses resulting form the temperature differential between areas of direct sun exposure and shaded areas.
96
Define Project Delivery
The method of approach to a construction project. Each one has different characteristics regarding the roles and responsibilities of the owner, architect, and contractor. These methods form the basis for selection of the design team, contractors, types of contracts, and organization for the construction process from project inception to completed construction.
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The most common approaches are:
Design-Bid-Build
Design-Build
Construction Management
CM-Advisor
CM-Agent
CM-Constructor (CMC)
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97
What is the role of the specifications?
They are a part of the contract documents and are legal documents contained in the project manual. They describe, in writing, the requirements and technical nature of materials, systems, equipment, construction methods, and workmanship.
While drawings are used to describe size and shape of a project, these written descriptions are used to define the quality and execution of the various components of a project. They must, however, be coordinated with the drawings to avoid discrepancies, and are often organized according to the standardized divisions in The Masterformat system to make this task easier.
98
What is the architect's role in dispute resolution?
According to the AIA Document A201-2007, General Conditions, the architect must interpret these matters impartially and consistent with the intent of the contract documents. Since the architect is familiar with the contract documents, and has no economic interest in the construction contract, they have limited authority to make binding decisions. Except for decisions regarding aesthetic effect, their decision may be appealed, and the architect may be called as a witness in future proceedings.
Claims by the owner or contractor must be initiated in writing to the other party and the the Initial Decision Maker (IDM). If the architect has been designated as the IDM a copy of the claim must also be sent to the architect.
99
With regard to the architect's compensation, which of the following is not considered a reimbursable expense?
A. Overtime
B. Travel and transportation
C. Models
D. Reproductions
(C) Models
Only if they are requested by the owner are renderings, models, or mock-ups considered reimbursable expenses. In connection with a project, an owner is responsible for an architect's expenses regarding:
Travel, transportation, long distance communication, and fees for securing approval of building authorities.
Overtime, if billed at a higher than regular rate and authorized in advance.
Reproductions, postage, fax transmissions, express delivery and handling of drawings, specifications, and other documents.
Insurance coverage in addition to that normally carried by the architect, when requested by the owner.
100
Name and describe the three approaches to cost estimating, according to the AIA.
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AREA, VOLUME, AND OTHER SINGLE-UNIT RATE METHODS: Used primarily in the programming and pre-design phases, this approach involves calculations based on definable units, such as the number of hotel rooms or the number of parking spaces in a garage. Calculations can also be based on cost per square foot or sometimes cubic foot. In addition, estimates can be based on the price of each type of space in a project. For example, a restaurant may have different square-foot-cost factors for the dining area, kitchen and bar.
ELEMENTAL METHODS (ASSEMBLIES AND SUBSYSTEMS): Commonly used in the schematic design phase, this approach involves dividing and building into several functional categories such as partitions, foundations, finishes etc, and assigning a target cost to each.
Building cost is estimated based on the sum of its elements.
QUANTITY SURVEY METHOD: This extremely detailed approach, used during the design development and construction documents phases, involves calculations for each component of a building. For example, the length of all wiring and duct runs is measured as well as all necessary trim, cover plates, vents, etc. Prices are assigned to each material and include allowances for labor, time, and contractor overhead and profit. While appropriate for contractors, the architect is likely to use this approach only to analyze alternatives to a specific design decision.
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101
While observing the construction of a project, an architect notices some workers struggling to life a heavy wall into place. The architect may:
A. Inform the contractor
B. Suggest alternate techniques
C. Make a safety recommendation
D. Lend a hand
(A) Inform the contractor
According to the General Conditions and AIA Document A105-2007 the contractor is responsible for, and the architect shall not have control over the: means, methods, techniques, sequences, procedure, or safety of construction. These issues are at the discretion of the contractor provided the end result is in accordance with the contract documents.
However, the architect cannot ignore hazardous behavior and may need to notify the contractor and owner, in writing, if safety issues persist.
102
Special Conditions
Additional requirements to the Supplementary General Conditions of the Contract for Construction. These requirements are usually requested by government or local building agencies.
103
Operational Costs
The mechanical and maintenance costs associated with the performance of a building component or system. These costs can fluctuate seasonally, due to changes in interest rates, the type of management, or current fuel costs.
They are used in conjunction with the initial cost of various building components in determining the life-cycle cost.
104
Supplementary General Conditions
These are additional conditions, included in the project manual, that are used to modify the General Conditions of the Contract for Construction. This is done to accommodate any specific legal, climatic, or site conditions of a particular project (see AIA Document A201-2007).
105
1. Working Drawings
vs.
2. Specifications
1. Graphic, pictoral documentation of design contained in the contract documents. They define: quantity, location, specific dimensions, size, shape, and the general configuration of a project.
2. Written descriptions in the project manual that define quality and performance requirements for the construction and workmanship of a project.
106
# Define the general purpose of each of the following AIA Documents.
1. A-series
2. B-series
3. C-series
4. D-series
5. E-series
6. G-series
1. Various forms of agreement between and owner and a contractor.
2. Various forms of agreement between an owner and an architect for professional services.
3. Various forms of agreement between an architect and other professionals such as engineers and consultants.
4. Architect-Industry documents, including calculation standards for area and volume for budgeting and cost estimating. Also included is a checklist for office-project planning and management for a broad range of projects.
5. Digital Data Protocol Exhibit. This document must be attached as an exhibit to an existing document. It establishes the procedures the parties must follow regarding the transmission or exchange of digital data.
6. Contract administration and project management documents for securing goods and services and administering and closing out project agreements.
107
Critical Path Method (CPM)
A graphical scheduling method where all of the tasks necessary to complete a project are charted in the sequence in which they must occur. The sequence is delineated by arrows that connect tasks and identify the interrelationships and time needed for the different project phases.
Unlike the Bar Chart Method of scheduling, the CPM shows all dependent relationships among tasks, making it far more informative.
Computers are often used to develop the CPM for larger and more complex projects where the number of tasks and relationships would otherwise be too unwieldy to manage.
When applied to construction scheduling, the CPM saves time and money by allowing for the efficient sequencing of tasks.
108
Name three methods of cost estimating
1. UNIT COSTS METHOD: Based on a cost per unit such as, per hotel room, per student, per office, etc. Another method of unit cost estimating is the cost per square foot where dollar amounts are based on data from similar building types. Used during the programming and pre-design phase.
2. SYSTEMS METHOD: More detailed than the unit cost method. Each building subsystem, such as foundation, structure, HVAC, roof, finishes, etc., is categorized and assigned a cost. Costs are reviewed and alternative systems and adjustments in quality can be made to stay within the budget. Used during the schematic design phase.
3. PARAMETER METHOD: a more detailed version of the systems method. Each component of a building subsystem is itemized by type, quality, and quantity. For example, costs for all wall finishes are calculated based on the area for each finish specified. Allows for a detailed analysis of individual building components so alternatives can be specified to meet budget requirements. Used during design development and early in the construction documents phase.
109
# Define the following types of insurance:
1. Loss of Use
2. Workers Compensation
3. Property
4. Professional Liability
5. Products and Completed Operations
1. It protects the owner from financial loss due to delays in construction resulting from repairs, replacing damaged property, fire, or other hazards.
2. Covers the liability of the employer, architect, or contractor to the employees for injury or sickness as a result of their employment.
3. Purchased by the owner, equal in amount to the total value of the project, it covers damage and loss of the work on and off site as well as in transit.
4. Covers the liability of the insured professional, architect, contractor or the owner, for claims due to damages caused by errors, omissions, or negligence.
5. Purchased by the contractor, it covers their liability for damages caused by installed goods after the construction phase and transfer of title.
110
An architect is looking for the best assembly to solve an unconventional requirement presented by the owner; which specification type will benefit the architect most?
A. Cash Allowance Specifications
B. Closed Specifications
C. Reference Standard Specifications
D. Performance Specifications
(D) Performance Specifications
This type of open specification describes an end result desired by the architect and does not stipulate specific trade names of components or processes. This specification type allows the contractor the flexibility to find a system that best meets the needs of the owner. For example, if the owner requires a roof structure to be retractable, the contractor may propose or develop a variety of assemblies upon which the structure can operate.
111
What is the owner's authority regarding the selection of subcontractors?
After the award of the contract for construction, the contractor is to furnish the owner (through the architect) with a list of proposed subcontractors.
The owner is then obligated to notify the contractor of any reasonable objections. If a change of subcontractor is requested, the new subcontractor's sub-bid may be higher and in turn result in a higher price from the general contractor. If no notice is given by the owner, the contractor may assume that there are no objections to the list.
112
A payment made by the owner to the contractor upon issuance of the Final Certificate for Payment is called what?
Final Payment
This payment signifies a confirmation of the owner's acceptance of the project from the contractor.
Upon completion of the punch list items, the architect makes a final inspection. If the project is fully complete, according to the contract documents, the architect issues to the owner a Final Certificate for Payment. This represents that the requirements have been fulfilled and the contractor is entitled to final payment. This payment constitutes the balance due to the contractor after adjustments for change orders.
According to the AIA Document A201-2007 General Conditions, before final payment can be made, the contractor must submit several items to the architect such as an affidavit stating that the owner's property is free of debts and liens and a certificate verifying that insurance will remain in force.
113
According to the AIA General Conditions, who is responsible for the approval of shop drawings?
I. The Owner
II. The Contractor
III. The Architect
IV. The Manufacturer
A. I and II
B. I and III
C. II and III
D. III and IV
(C) II and III
The contractor reviews shop drawings for compliance with the contract documents, approves and submits them to the architect. Upon the architect's approval, the contractor may perform that portion of the work. (see AIA Document A201-2007)
114
What is the gross area necessary for a new YMCA project where the assignable area (net area) is determined to be 40,000 feet^2, and the efficiency ration is estimated to be .65?
The equation for building efficiency
(Efficiency = netarea÷grossarea),
can be manipulated to find the gross area.
Gross area = netarea÷efficiency
Inserting the values provided yields
Gross area = 40,000〖ft〗^2÷.65
Gross area = 61,538 ft^2 (61,500 ft^2)
The YMCA will need approximately 61,500 ft^2
115
A floor plan drawing is analogous to a(n):
A. Horizontal section
B. Vertical section
C. Longitudinal section
D. Axial section
(A) Horizontal section
This type of drawing is the equivalent of a building section taken, parallel to level ground, at a height of four feet.
116
Liquidated Damages
A sum established in the contract for construction, usually a fixed daily amount, to be paid by the contractor to the owner as a measure of damages for the contractor's failure to complete the work within the time stipulated in the contract documents.
A provision in the contract for construction called a Bonus Clause will allow the contractor to receive additional payment as a reward for completing the work prior to the stipulated date.
117
If a project is bid at a higher figure than the fixed limit of construction cost, what options does an owner have?
1. Ignore the fixed limit and agree to the higher bid.
2. Re-bid the project
3. Forfeit the project and end the architect's contract
4. Work with the architect to reduce the scope of work
118
What type of specifications are often required for public projects?
Open Proprietary Specifications
This type of specification stipulates several specific products, materials, assemblies, or systems that are acceptable for use in the project. It is up to the contractor to choose between the approved alternates.
119
Aside from the direct cost of construction, what factors are included in the project budget?
This is the sum, established by the owner, that is available for the entire project. Included in this budget is the cost for: land, demolition work, landscaping, furniture, equipment, financing, taxes, insurance, professional services such as architect's or legal compensation, and contingency allowances for unforeseen expenses.
120
Name the most common method of determining land value.
The “market” approach.
The surrounding neighborhood is assessed to determine the sale price, per square foot or per acre, for lots of approximately the same size. Value adjustments are made for any unique feature a lot may have.
121
Name three options available to the architect when an owner requests a substantial reduction in the time allotted for the design phases of a project.
1. Work the design team overtime: This is costly and inefficient.
2. Hire more design team members: This is also costly and will require time for the new team members to catch up.
3. Reduce the number of hours spent on the project: This may jeopardize the quality of the project, and add to construction time and cost.
122
Which of the following is included in the Construction Documents?
I. Bidding requirements
II. Contract forms, conditions and modifications
III. Drawings and specifications
IV. Addendum
A. I and II only
B. II only
C. III only
D. I, II, III, and IV
(C)s III only
These are the drawings, prepared by the architect, necessary for project administration, design communication, and obtaining regulatory approval and financing. They describe the requirements for construction of the project. They are part of the contract documents.
123
Working Drawings
The graphic and pictorial portion of the contract documents intended to convey the design intent of the architect to the contractor. These documents represent the design, dimensions, quantity, and location of the work and generally include plans, elevations, sections, details, and schedules.
124
# Define the following commonly used AIA Documents:
1. A101–2007
2. A310 -1970
3. B101-2007
4. B201-2207
5. C401-2007
6. G701-2001
7. G704-2000
1. Standard Form of Agreement between Owner and Contractor where the basis for payment is the cost of the work plus a fee, with a negotiated guaranteed maximum price (GMP). It is used in conjunction with A201. The fee may be established as a stipulated amount or a percentage of
2. Bid Bond. It established the maximum amount due to the owner if the selected bidder fails to execute the contract.
3. Standard Form of Agreement Between Owner and Architect without a prefined scope of the architect’s services. It contains terms and conditions and compensation details.
4. Standard Form of Architects
125
Which of the following are considered Additional Services provided by the architect?
1. Programming
2. Economic Feasibility studies
3. Preliminary estimate of construction cost
4. Normal structural, mechanical and electrical engineering
5. Geotechnical Services
6. Construction management
7. Preparation of change orders
8. Preparation of record drawings
9. Preparation of bid forms
10. Land Surveying
1,2,5,6,8,10
These are professional services which MAY be rendered by the architects if authorized in writing by the owner.
The architect’s Basic Services are identified in the Owner-Architect Agreement and are defined under the divisions (phases) of the architects professional services: Schematic Design, Design Development, Construction Documents, Bidding or Negotiation, and Construction Administration.
126
A warranty is a contractors or manufacturer’s guarantee of quality, reliability, and workmanship of either construction or a piece of equipment. In general, according to the AIA General Conditions, when do warranty periods begin and how long do they last?
Within one year after the date of substantial completion, the contractor is obligated to return to the project and correct any work found to be not in accordance with the requirement of the contract documents.
Since material and equipment warranties vary, the contractor may be financially liable for several years after substantial completion.
Commencement of warranties and the one year period of correction may be modified if, for example, an owner occupies a portion of a project prior to substantial completion. This period may be extended for work performed after substantial completion.
127
When is the architect responsible for estimating the cost of construction?
At the end of the schematic design phase, the architect must submit a preliminary estimate of construction cost to the owner. This estimate is based on current area, volume or unit cost.
Preliminary estimates of construction submitted by consultants are also included. Although these should always be prepared with reasonable care, they are only a general estimate based upon the construction knowledge and experience of the consultants.
At the end of both the design development and construction documents phase the architect must notify the owner (preferably in writing) of any adjustments to the estimate or that the estimates is unchanged. If the owner required more detailed estimates it would be treated as an optional additional services for the additional fee.
128
Staged Bidding
Because construction on a fast track project begins before all design work is completed, contractors are awarded jobs for the stages where design has been finalized. It is the process of farming out various construction jobs to multiple contractors.
129
Labor and Material Payment bond
A bond acquired by the contractor in which the contractor and the contractor’s surety guarantee to pay the subcontractor and to purchase materials for construction in accordance with the contract documents (see AIA Document A310-2010 Payment Bond)
130
Of all the common participants in the typical construction project, to whom is an owner not legally bound?
The owner has no direct contractual relationship with subcontractors or consultants.
The owner is legally bound to the contractor and the architects. Typically, subcontractors are under the contract with the general contractor and consultants are under contract with the architect.
131
1. General Conditions vs. 2.General Requirements
1. One of the AIA Contract documents that compromise the construction contract between the owner and the contractor, AIA Document A201-2207. This legal document defines the rights and obligations of the parties’ involved. However, it also contains pertinent information from other AIA documents to better inform the contractor of the agreement between the owner and architect.
2. This is the title Division 01 of the CSI Masterformat or the AIA’s Masterspec systems for the organizing specifications. This division is uses to explain the administrative and procedural requirements of the trades involved in the construction industry.
132
The efficiency of a new building is 80 percent. The gross square footage of the building is 120,000 square feet. What is the net square footage?
A. 80,000 Square feet
B. 96,000 Square feet
C. 112,000 square feet
D. 150,000 square feet
(B) 96,000 square feet
The net square footage of a building is found by multiplying the gross square footage by the efficiency ratio.
120,000 x .80 = 96,000
133
Bid Bond
A surety in the form of a forfeiture bond that is required by public agencies and some private owners. It is submitted with a bid and guarantees that a bidder, if awarded a contract, will enter into the contract within a specified time, and in accordance with the requirements of the bidding documents. These bonds are usually made for 5 to 10 percent of the bid amount and are activated if the select bidder refuses to sign the contract (see AIA Document A310-1970).
134
Change Order
A written amendment to the construction contract, prepared by the architect, and signed by the owner, and contractor (and by the architect if it is required by the general conditions). It is an agreement to modify a portion of the work and defines its impact on the contract sum and the contract time.
This authorization is used to accommodate some unforeseen condition during construction. For example, a particular stone cladding is no longer available and the owner has selected another type that may be a different price or take longer to acquire.
The architect does have the authority to authorize minor changes in the work where there is no chance in cost or construction time. (See AIA Document A201-2007).
135
How can AIA Document A201-2007 be adapted to the specific requirements of a construction project?
This can be achieved through the use of special or supplementary conditions. The General Conditions of the contract for construction is a commonly used and understood contract between an owner and a contractor for a conventional design-bid-build project delivery. Substitution of individual provisions should be done only with expert legal advice. However, in order to tailor the contract to a particular project, conditions may be added.
136
Addendum
A written or graphic notice issued be the architect, prior to the execution of the Contract for Construction, and distributed to the bidding parties during the bid phase. This notice is a modification, and through additions, deletions or corrections, it is intended to clarify some aspect of the bidding documents.
137
When is an owner within their rights to order a contractor to stop construction?
The owner, not the architect, may exercise this right by issuing a written order if the contractor fails to correct the work, or persistently fails to carry out the work that is in accordance with the requirements of the contract documents. (See AIA Document A201-2007)
138
Setback
An area restricted from construction. It is defined as a minimum distance between a building and a reference line such as a property line or water course and governed by local zoning ordinance or codes.
139
For which part of the Project Manual is the architect most directly responsible?
The Specifications
The architect along with the architect’s consultants are responsible for the preparation of the technical specification for a project (standard divisions of the CSI Masterformat). While the architect is required to assist in the preparation of bid documents for example, much of the other documentation is prepared but the owner and owner representatives.
140
What is included in the Contract Documents?
1. The Owner-Contractor agreement
2. General & Supplementary Conditions of the Contract
3. Specifications (CSI Masterformat)
4. The Working Drawings
5. Addenda
6. Modifications
141
It is discovered the concrete test cylinders from a foundation pour have tested far below the expected results for the seven day strength test. What authority does the architect have?
The architect may NOT immediately order the removal of all suspect concrete. However, the architect, with the owner’s consent, may order testing on all foundation work by an independent testing laboratory. Assuming that sufficient concrete strength was specified by the architect and that the testing reveals insufficient concrete strength, the contractor is responsible for the cost of the test as well as the correction of the work.
142
According to the Contract Documents, contract time ends at the date of:
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A. Substantial completion
B. Final completion
C. Final inspection
D. Owner occupancy
E. Substantial Completion
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This is the period of time, including authorized adjustments such as change orders, from the commencement of the work as defined by the Owner-Contractor Agreement to the date of substantial completion as certified by the architect.
143
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Gratings are permitted in pedestrian circulation areas. However, the maximum size of an opening shall be no greater than _________ in one direction, and elongated openings must be oriented so that the long dimension is _________ to the dominant path of travel.
A) ½” : parallel
B) ¾” : parallel
C) ¾” : Perpendicular
D) ½” : perpendicular
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½” : perpendicular
According to model standards, such as ADA, openings gratings located in accessible spaces must be ½” or less in one direction. And, elongated openings shall be placed so that the long dimension is perpendicular to the dominate path of travel. This size and orientation requirement is intended to minimize potential hazards to pedestrians and limit the possibility of a wheelchair becoming stuck in grating.
144
After the execution of the Owner-Architect Agreement, certain circumstances may affect the architect’s services. These changes in service may entitle the architect to additional compensation. Name some of these circumstances.
1. Decisions by the owner that require changes to the instruments of service such as, changes in a project’s scope, quality or budget.
2. New or revised codes, laws or regulations that require changes to the completed drawings.
3. The architects preparation for, or attendance at public hearings or dispute resolution in which the architects is not directly involved.
145
Record Drawings
Construction drawings; change orders, specification, and shop drawings revised to show significant changes made during construction. They are typically based on marked-up prints maintained by the contractor throughout the course of construction. These drawings are to be furnished to the architect. They are not to be confused with as-built drawings, which document only the finished condition of a project.
146
Mediation
Since the early 1990s even arbitration, as means of dispute resolution, has become a cumbersome process. The higher costs and trial-like atmosphere has fostered the creation of additional dispute resolution mechanisms. One of these mechanisms is the use of professional mediators.
Unlike arbitration, in which the three parties are empowered to resolve the case, a mediator has no authority to force a resolution but is instrumental in empowering the participants to resolve the issue themselves. This alternative, in theory, is faster, cheaper, and less adversarial than arbitration or litigation and has gained popularity in recent years.
147
Which part of the Construction Documents allows the owner to tailor the cost of a project?
A. Open Specifications
B. Alternates
C. Contingency Allowance
D. Addendum
(B) Alternates
As part of the bidding documents, alternates require the contractor to provide options in the selection of material, the level of quality, or the addition or deletion of work. The alternates are reflected in the variation in price from the base bid and give the owner a chance to alter a project in order to control construction cost.
A) This allows the contractor to select a material or system that best meets the needs of the owner.
C) This covers unforeseen construction costs.
D) This is a notice of modification to the bidding documents.
148
According to the AIA General Conditions, what are the contractor’s responsibilities regarding shop drawings?
They are responsible for providing or obtaining shop drawings from subcontractors and manufacturers. Their approval and submittal of shop drawings to the architect represent that they have reviewed and verified the use of appropriate material, proper field measurements, field construction requirements, and have coordinated the information contained in the submittal.
This approval is to be done in a timely manner so as not to delay the progress of the work. Deviations from the contract documents must be called to the attention of the architect in writing and requires specific approval from the architects. Architectural approval of the shop drawings does not relieve the contractor of the responsibility of errors or omissions (see AIA Documents A201-2007).
149
# Define the following:
1. Design-Bid-Build
2. Design-Build
3. Construction Management
These are the three basic methods of approaching a construction project and are known as methods of project delivery. Each one defines the relationship and responsibilities of the owner, architect and contractor, and has distinct characteristics regarding construction, cost, scheduling and risk.
1. Most common. An architect is hired by an owner. The design documents are bid upon by various contractors and the acceptable proposal with the lowest bid is usually selected to build the project. The owner has a separate contract with both the architect and the contractor.
2. Used when the owner request that a single entity be responsible for both design and construction services. The owner has one contract with the architect / contractor. This method eliminates the potential conflict between the architect, as an owner’s agent and the contractor.
3. Often used in large or complex building projects when budget and scheduling issued are critical. This method was developed as a result of owner demand for technical advice early in the process. A consultant may be contracted by the owner to act as advisor, agent or constructor, during design and construction.
150
Define Model Building Codes and name those commonly used in the United States.
A non-regional reference guide for construction requirements, complied by experts and often adopted as local building codes. The model codes used in the U.S. are:
1. IBC – International Building Code, by the international code council (ICC). A collaboration by existing model-code organizations to provide a single comprehensive model code.
2. UBC – Uniform Building Code, by the International Conference of Building Officials (IBCO)
3. BOCA – National Building Code – Building Officials and Code Administrators International. Used in the northeastern U.S.
4. Standard Building Code – Southern Building Code Congress International (SBCCI). Used in the southwestern U.S.
5. CABO National Building Code – Council of American Building Officials by the American National Standards Institute (ANSI).
151
Indoor Air Quality (IAQ) contamination can be a problem during construction as well as post occupancy. Name several specifications an architect can require to minimize this occurrence.
1. Materials with low emissions of Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs).
2. Detailing to isolate potential sources of contamination from the air.
3. The use of construction sequencing so that wet and off-gassing materials are applied or installed prior to dry materials that may absorb containments.
4. An air quality management plan
5. Temporary ventilation using 00% outside air after the building envelope is substantially enclosed.
6. HVAC filters
7. Air-quality test prior to occupancy.
8. Ventilate with 100% outside air for up to 30 days prior to occupancy to flush out containment.
9. For phased construction or renovation projects, isolate construction areas and protect occupied areas from containments.
152
What is the role of each contracted party regarding acceptance, rejection or correction of non-conforming work?
An owner, not an architect, may prefer to accept work that is not in accordance with the requirements of the contract documents instead of requiring its removal and correction. Adjustments shall then be made to the contract sum.
The architect may reject work for failing to conform to the requirements of the contract document. The cost of correcting such work, including additional testing and inspections, will be at the contractor’s expense.
The architect may request that covered work be uncovered for the purpose of inspection. If the architect had a prior inspection request, the contractor will bear the cost. If not, and the work is found to be in accordance with the contract documents, then the owner is responsible for the cost of uncovering and replacing the work. If the work is not in accordance with the contract documents all cost made necessary including compensation for additional architects services will be at the contractor’s expense. Note that partial occupancy does not constitute acceptance of work not in compliance with the contract documents. (see AIA Documents A201-2001)
