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CDA Flashcards

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1
Q

What was the parliamentary committee and when was it formed

A

1862

Established to investigate this problem of VD and propose a solution

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2
Q

What were the two perspectives of the parliamentary committee

A

Liberal:
-improved hospital care
-penalties for men who had evidence of being diseased
-more leisure activities to entertain military
Conservative:
-greater regulation of prostitutes
-compulsory examination of prostitutes

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3
Q

When was the contagious diseases act passed and what did it do

A

1864
Allowed police officers to arrest any women suspected of being a prostitute. She would then be subjected to compulsory medical checks

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4
Q

When was the CDA extended and what did it do

A

It was extended twice once in 1866 and once in 1869

1866: made a periodical medical examination of all prostitutes on 11 districts compulsory
1869: extended to cover 18 districts

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5
Q

How long were women kept in lock hospitals if they were found to be infected

A

3-9 months

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6
Q

What were common treatments for VD

A

Mercury used in numerous forms including tablets, vapour baths, ointments and injections

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7
Q

Why did people oppose the acts

A
  • the law only focused on women
  • it did not work soldiers were still contracting VD number of cases actually increased
  • the rules to identify and test women were vague
  • broke habeas corpus
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8
Q

What was the national association for the repeal of the CDA (NARCDA) and when was it formed

A

1869

  • middle class male movement
  • they focused on preventing the spread of the acts to the north but later extended to oppose the law entirely
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9
Q

What was the ladies national association for the repeal of the CDA (LNA)

A

Formed a few weeks after NARCDA led by Josephine Butler
Presented their opinion on 31st dec 1869
A copy of the statement was presented to parliament with 2,000 signatures from supporters

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10
Q

when were the acts repealed

A

1883

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11
Q

Why did parliament repeal the acts

A

Over 100,000 petitions been presented to parliament

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12
Q

Why was prostitution rife in the 19th century?

A

Most working class women received little / no education and limited to poorly paid temporary jobs – prostitution only alternative to workhouse to supplement meagre earnings

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13
Q

What did the middle classes think of prostitution?

A

A moral threat to society that threatened the sanctity of the family unit and institution of marriage

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14
Q

In what way was prostitution deemed acceptable?

A

Prostitutes were necessary to satisfy male sexual desire that could not be exclusively satisfied by their wives. ‘Necessary evil’

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15
Q

Give an example of how the double standard was rife in the 19th century

A

Matrimonial Causes Act 1857 which stated that a man could divorce a woman on the grounds of adultery but women could not divorce a man for the same reason

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16
Q

Why was the Crimean war significant?

A

Disease led to more casualties in hospital than on the battlefield

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17
Q

What did John Liddell advocate for in 1862 committee?

A
  • the government should regulate prostitutes for soldiers with frequent checks
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18
Q

What are the main reasons why the CDA were introduced?

A
  • Venereal diseases in the army
  • Evangelical Christians condemned the use of prostitutes claiming it desecrated the holy union of marriage.
  • Poor health among prostitutes
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19
Q

Why is it unlikely that the CDA were introduced to improve the health of prostitutes?

A
  • women treated terribly

- Acton and Nightingale mostly ignored

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20
Q

What did the 1864 Contagious Diseases Act allow?

A

Authorised police to arrest women on the suspicion of them being prostitutes and have them forcibly medically examined

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21
Q

Why was there a growing group of people campaigning for the repeal of the CDA?

A
  • They saw them as an infringement of women’s rights
  • Many women were wrongly accused of prostitution and subject to investigation
  • It was difficult for women to reintegrate into society after investigations, they were normally scorned and ostracised
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22
Q

What stimulated the start to the repeal campaign?

A

In the mid-1860s, there were plans to extend the system of regulation to the towns and cities of the North
The repeal campaign began during a reformist period.

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23
Q

What was established in 1869 as part of the repeal?

A

The repeal campaign began at the same time of the passing of the 1867 Reform Act

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24
Q

Was The National Association for Repeal of the Contagious Diseases Acts effective?

A

Not really - they were not able to make a real impact to MPs

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25
Q

When was the LNA established?

A

1869

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26
Q

Give the name of the person who is significant in starting the campaign against the repeal of the CDA

A

Elizabeth Wolstenholme

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27
Q

Why was it not possible for Elizabeth Wolstenholme to run the LNA?

A

She was arguably too radical - her views on marriage and unwillingness to comply with mid-Victorian expectations of respectability would’ve tarnished the movement.

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28
Q

What made Butler agree to joining and leading the LNA?

A
  • After the death of her daughter, she sought to help those with greater grief than her own
  • Her family were reformist (they campaigned against slavery)
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29
Q

What was the first move of the LNA?

A

The Daily News published a protest against the Acts signed by 124 women which gained lots of publicity

30
Q

What did the LNA encourage the formation of?

A

Regional electoral leagues against the CDA

31
Q

Who was the key member of the LNA?

A

Josephine Butler

32
Q

What did Josephine Butler do which shows her dedication to the campaign?

A

She travelled 3,700 miles and addressed 99 meetings in a year

33
Q

Why was it beneficial to have Butler be the face of the campaign?

A

She had a respectful background and therefore made the campaign respectful. She had support from parents, the upper classes and religious individuals

34
Q

How did the LNA go about the repeal?

A

They wanted to put pressure on the Liberals (who were currently in government) by interfering in the elections of non-pro-repeal candidates.

35
Q

Why was this tactic not beneficial?

A

Because it may have weakened the Liberal party in some cases, increasing Conservative power who were even less likely to accept a repeal of the CDA

36
Q

Give an example of when the LNA increased the number of Conservative MPs

A

In a by-election in Colchester in 1870, the LNA managed to split the vote between two Liberal MPs by running one of their own Liberal MPs which meant that the Conservative MP gained the majority and the seat

37
Q

What was the negative impact of this tactic?

A

In 1874, the Tories actually won the overall majority

38
Q

What did Butler do while the Conservatives were in power?

A

1880 - she published an emotional attack on child prostitution brought to her attention by brothels exploiting Brits in Belgium

39
Q

Name one criticism levelled at Butler’s leadership?

A

A 1881 committee revealed that she had not been to a protected area since 1873 (evidence of disconnect between leadership and the women affected)

40
Q

Give an example of someone who was falsely accused of being a prostitute

A

Mrs Percy - she lost her job as a singer and actress after the accusation and her reputation was ruined, she committed suicide in 1875

41
Q

How did the LNA use cases such as Ms Percy’s?

A

To fuel public fear that the CDA risked the dignity of innocent women - this was effective

42
Q

Who was another significant figure in the repeal of the CDA?

A

James stansted

43
Q

Why did it take until 1874 for Stansfeld to join the repeal campaign?

A

Because he was a member of the cabinet and therefore bound to the party line.

44
Q

What did Stansfeld advocate?

A

The utilisation of medical statistics on venereal diseases among the military to prove that the Acts failed to control the spread of disease

45
Q

What indicates that Stansfeld had a more logical approach?

A

Encouraged the formation of the National Medical Association in 1875

46
Q

What evidence is there to suggest that Stansfeld’s efforts to pressure the conservative gov’t into considering repealing the acts worked?

A

In 1879, the Conservatives agreed to establish a committee of inquiry into the acts.

47
Q

What was the name of the LNA newspaper?

A

The Shield

48
Q

Name a regional league that campaigned against the CDA

A

Northern Counties League

Working Men’s National League

49
Q

What led the Northern Counties League?

A

Henry Wilson (rallied up support in the Liberal Party when he later became an MP)

50
Q

Between 1870 and 1886, how many petitions were signed?

A

18,000

51
Q

How did the government investigate the effect of the CDA?

A

The 1871 Royal Commission

52
Q

Why must the findings of the 1871 commission be doubted?

A

The majority of the witnesses were Anglican ministers, doctors and military officers.
Prostitutes were not sufficiently respectable for the gov’t to interview

53
Q

What did the 1871 commission find?

A
  • the certificates given to disease-free women allowed them to charge more and therefore bettered their conditions
  • CofE clergy claimed health and self-esteem improved
  • Life expectancy had increased among prostitutes
  • Arguably the most discomforting disease, Scabies, had been cured
  • Venereal disease-related hospital admissions in the army fell
54
Q

What was the difference in health between soldiers in protected areas and those that were not?

A

Protected areas - 37/1000 were hospitalised

Unprotected areas - 194/1000 were hospitalised

55
Q

What was a shortcoming of the acts regarding the police?

A

Some police were unenthusiastic about implementing the acts as they saw them as an unnecessary distraction from preventing and detecting more serious crimes.

56
Q

What was the negative impact of the acts of prostitutes?

A
  • The examinations and medical procedures have been likened to ‘surgical rape’
  • For some, the laws made access to reform institutions harder for prostitutes that wanted to leave their profession
  • Mercury was used to treat syphlilis, had long-term health effects
  • The examination of women, and not the men, appeared to place the blame on the prostitutes.
  • The regulation made it more likely for women to stay in the profession for longer. Something that most didn’t want to do.
57
Q

Why are stats regarding how common venereal diseases were among men problematic?

A

The checks were limited to women. Men’s diseases were only discovered if they needed to be admitted to hospital.

58
Q

What was the effect of the CDA on women?

A
  • false accusations

- more general degradation of women

59
Q

Why were the electoral leagues successful?

A

They didn’t have the same establishment, London image that Butler had. They were more grassroots

60
Q

In what way did the electoral leagues fail?

A

Tories won the 1874 election. They were less likely to reform.

61
Q

What is evidence that the CDA were only introduced to protect the health of the army?

A
  • garrison towns and ports

- after Crimean war and inquiry

62
Q

What was a positive impact of the CDA on women?

A

The repeal campaign helped give women a political platform and opened up many new women to politics, as well as changing attitudes towards women in politics.

63
Q

What is evidence of the CDA introducing/increasing women’s involvement in politics?

A

The Social Purity Alliance set up by Butler successfully managed to increase age of consent to 16 after the discovery of wide-scale sex trafficking of young girls from Belgium.

64
Q

What is an example of the CDAs making it harder for women to access reform institutes?

A

The Society for the Rescue of Women and Children refused to care for women from government hospitals as they were opposed to the acts.

65
Q

In what way could Butler have prevented important reforms to the welfare of prostitutes?

A
  • opposed to a suggestion in the 1871 commission of a system of voluntary examinations in private clinics and she said it would still place the blame of women and legitimise immoral behaviour
66
Q

How did Butler see prostitution?

A

Morally abhorrent

67
Q

In what way did the LNA fail to get popular support?

A

Failed to mobilise working class women, especially in ports and towns, against the acts. Significant? it didn’t prove to be a barrier to repeal

68
Q

What was a success for the LNA in limiting the effect of the CDA?

A

From 1870-2, campaigners succeeded in persuading prostitutes to resists the legal requirements of the Act in Plymouth. Resistance of medical examinations was called the ‘Siege of Devenport’

69
Q

When were the CDAs repealed?

A

1886

70
Q

What party was in government at the time of the repeal?

A

Liberals

71
Q

What led to Gladstone’s decision to the repeal the Acts in 1886?

A

Stansfeld demanded Gladstone repeal the Acts in exchange for support for Irish Home Rule

British History (10 decks)

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