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CCNP Router 300-101 > CCNP Route > Flashcards

CCNP Route Flashcards

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1
Q

Routing Protocols common in WAN

A

RIP, OSPF, EIGRP

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2
Q

Routing Protocols common to Internet

A

BGP

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3
Q

What factors affects which protocol you would choose

A 
Availability 
Vendor interoperability  
IT Staff Familiarity 
Speed of Convergence 
Capability to preform summarazation 
Interior or Exterior Routing 
Type of Protocol 
How it Advertises, stores and receives info
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4
Q

Distance Vector Attributes

A

Sends full copy of routing table to neighbor

  • inefficient
  • slow convergence
  • potential routing loops
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5
Q

Solution to Routing loops

A

Split horizon

Poison reverse

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6
Q

What does AS stand for

A

Autonomous system

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7
Q

Distance Vector Protocols

A

RIP

EIGRP

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8
Q

RIP Attributes

A

Hop count

Versions RIPv1, RIPv2, RIPng(next gen)

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9
Q

RIPv2 Attributes

A

Supports variable-length subnet masks

Uses multicast NOT broadcast -224.0.0.9

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10
Q

EIGRP Attributes

A

Does NOT send entire IP routing table
Uses triggered updates
Quick Convergence

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11
Q

EIGRP Metrics/ K Values

A 
Minimum Bandwidth* 
Cumulative Delay* 
Reliability 
Load 
MTU
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12
Q

What Algorithm does EIGRP use

A

DUAL or Diffusing Update Algorithm

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13
Q

Path Vector Attributes

A 
Exact path packets take to reach the destination 
Slow convergence
Very Scalable 
Routing protocol of the Internet 
    BGP
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14
Q

Example of Path Vector Protocols?

A

BGP

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15
Q

BGP Versions

A

1-4

MP-BGP * supports routing of multi routed protocols

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16
Q

What does Route Distribution allow?

A

A network to simultaneously support more than one routing protocol

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17
Q

What was the predecessor to EIGRP

A

IGRP

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18
Q

Network Architecture Types

A

Point to Point
Broadcast
NBMA

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19
Q

NBMA (Non-Broadcast Multiaccess)

A

Does not support broadcast
Individual messages must be sent to each router
Issues with dynamic routing protocols

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20
Q

NBMA Network Examples

A

ATM

Frame Relay

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21
Q

Multicast IPv6 prefix

A

ff00::/8

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22
Q

Anycast

A

Single IPv6 addresses -to multiple devices

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23
Q

What traffic type does ARP use ?

A

ARP uses broadcast.

IPv6 cannot use ARP/Broadcast so it uses Network Discovery messages

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24
Q

What is Asymmetric routing ?

A

Traffic leaves through one path and returns through a different path

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25
Q

ICMP Header Fields

A

Type - 1 byte
Code - 1 byte
Checksum - 2 byte
Rest of Header - 4 byte

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26
Q

TCP Sliding Window

A

Where the window size begins with one segment. If there is a successful acknowledgment of that one segment (that is, the receiver sends an ACK asking for the next segment), the window size doubles to two segments

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27
Q

Link State Protocols

A

OSPF

IS-IS

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28
Q

Link State Attributes

A
  • Builds a topological map of the network
  • Routers send LSA’s
  • Exchanges full routing info only at initially forming an adjacency ****Then updated in response to changes
  • Shorter convergence times
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29
Q

Common approaches to routing migration

A 
* AD (Administrative Distance)
       new routing protocols should be higher than the 
       exiting 
*Route Distribution 
    cut over one network at a time
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30
Q

When migrating from RPVST to RPVST+ what needs to be removes?

A

UplinkFast

BackboneFast

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31
Q

IPv6 Migration Consideration

A

*Check equipment for IPv6 compatibility
*Run IPv4 and IPv6 concurrently
*Check the ISP’s IPv6 support
*Configure NAT64
* Allows IPv6 addresses to be translated to IPv4
addresses
*Not scalable
*Use NPTv6
*Send IPv6 traffic over an IPv6-over-IPv4 tunnel

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32
Q

VRF - Virtual Routing & Forwarding

A

*Allows a single router to run multiple virtual router instances
○ It router has its own configuration and its
own routing process
*Segments networks and isolates paths as needed
*Can use overlapping address spaces in different VR

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33
Q

EVN - Easy Virtual Networking

A

Same as VRF with more features

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34
Q

VNET - Virtual network trunk

EVN

A

○ Carriers traffic for each virtual network and eliminates
the need to manually configure a sub-interface
○ Traffic tagged with VNET tag
○ Connects to switch via trunk link
* Route Replication

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35
Q

Route Replication

EVN

A

○ When virtual networks need to be accessible by other virtual networks
Allows IP routes know to one virtual network to
be known by others

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36
Q

MPLS - Multiprotocol Label Switching

A

Makes forwarding decisions based on labels rather than IP addresses

32bit label
shim header
between layer 2 & layer 3

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37
Q

Layer 2 MPLS

A

Allows customer edge (CE) routers at different sites to form routing neighborhsips as if adjacent

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38
Q

Layer 3 MPLS

A

Allows a service providers edge (PE) router to establish peer relationships with customers edge (CE) router

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39
Q

Hybrid VPN

A

MPLS with tunnel based VPN’s

MPLS over DMVPN

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40
Q

What should you consider in the deign with Hybrid VPN ?

A

Overhead - every time you add an encapsulation you are adding to the total header

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41
Q

Tunnel-Based Technologies

A 
GRE
DMVPN
Multi point GRE
NHRP
IPSEC
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42
Q

GRE Generic Routing Protocol

A

Encapsulates nearly every type of data data out of a physical router interface
Any layer 3 protocol

Very flexible
No security
unless paired with IPSEC

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43
Q

DMVPN Dynamic Multipoint VPN

A

Allows VPN tunnels to be dynamically built and torn down between remote sites as needed

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44
Q

What is a common DMVPN Issue?

A

Flapping - connection keeps tearing down and establishing

Check the routing protocol

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45
Q

What other technologies does DMVPN require?

A

Multipoint GRE
NHRP
IPSEC

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46
Q

Multipoint GRE

A

Allows routers to supper multiple GRE tunnels on a single GRE interface

Dynamically form GRE tunnels by using NHRP to discover IP address of the device on the other end of the tunnel

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47
Q

NHRP - Next Hop Resolution Protocol

A

Router designated as the hub /server
All other routers the spoke/client

Spokes inform hub of physical and logical interfaces info

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48
Q

IPSEC

A

Can only protect unicast IP packets
Unless paired with GRE

Security features

IKE protocols

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49
Q

What are IPSEC’s security features

A 
Confidentiality 
Integrity 
Auth
Anti-replay
     packets sent are not duplicates
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50
Q

What are the two IKE protocols and what is the difference?

A

AH - Authentication header
ESP -
ESP offers encryption

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51
Q

What are the IKE Protocol modes ?

A

Transport

Tunnel

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52
Q

Tunnel Mode

A

Encapsulates the entire packet

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53
Q

Transport Mode

A

Users only the original packet header

used mainly for client-to-site VPN

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54
Q

IPv6 Benefits

A 
No broadcast
      Only multicast to reach hosts 
No need for NAT/PAT 
More Addresses 
Smaller routing tables 
     Fewer changes to Internet routing table
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55
Q

How does IPv6 addressing work ?

A

Public addresses group by geographic region
subdivided by ISP’s inside that region
further subdivided by customer

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56
Q

IPv6 global unicast address

A

the 2000::/3 prefix as global unicast addresses.

all unicast begins with 2 or 3

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57
Q

What does IPv6 use to dynamically learn addresses ?

A

Stateful DHCP

Starless autoconfig

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58
Q

Steps to add Routes to IP routing table using EIGRP ?

A

Neighbor Discovery
Topology Exchange
Choosing Routes

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59
Q

Steps to learning best available EIGRP route ?

A

Establish neighbor relationships
Exchange EIGRP topology data with neighbors
Calculate the best IP route for each subnet based on
known topology data and add best routes to the
routing table

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60
Q

EIGRP and RTP (Reliable Transport Protocol)

A

Resends routing table updates that are lost in transit

Confirms receipt

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61
Q

What is MTU used for in EIGRP ?

A

Used as a tie breaker if two paths have equal metrics but different MTU sizes

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62
Q

EIGRP default Hold Timers ?

A 
Hello  = 5
Hold  = 15
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63
Q

EIGRP and BFD (Bi-Directional Forwarding)

A

Provides subsecond detection of a failure in IP connectivity between two neighboring routers

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64
Q

What EIGRP features must match to form neighborships?

A 
Same subnet
	○ As local router  
Must not be passive on connected interface 
AS number 
Authentication 
K-Values
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65
Q

What is the default K-Value for EIGRP ?

A

Metric weights 0 1 0 1 1 0
First value is ToS (Type of Service) and cannot be
changed

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66
Q

What does the EIGRP passive-interface command do ?

A

•Tells the router not to send any EIGRP messages on an interface
○ Still advertises the route
No neighbors possible on the interface

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67
Q

Why would you configure a static neighbor in EIGRP?

A

To reduce multicasts
NO dynamic neighbors can be discovered OR continue to work if already discovered

  • Frame Relay
    Only intended neighbors sent unicast
68
Q

What are the EIGRP protocol messages

A 
Hello
Update 
Query 
Reply 
ACK
69
Q

What protocols does EIGRP use in Query and Reply messages?

A

RTP - Reliable Transport Protocol

70
Q

What does the Update EIGRP message include

A

Prefix
Prefix Length
Metrics
MTU and Hop count

71
Q

What is EIGRPs multicast address

A

224.0.0.10

72
Q

What does Split-Horizon do?

A

Limits the prefixes that EIGRP advertises out of an interface

73
Q

What is Feasible Distance (FD) in EIGRP ?

A

Best route
Lowest metric
Successor

74
Q

What is Reported Distance (RD)in EIGRP ?

A

Perspective next hop

Feasible successor OR alternative route

75
Q

What is an Offset List ?

A

Allows engineering to add value to calculate integer metrics for a given prefix

Defines value to be added to he KValues/Metroics 
    Match
          Prefixes 
           Direction of Updates 
           Interface 
           Metric added to FD and RD
76
Q

What is Convergence Manipulation used for ?

A

To make a router pick one route instead of another

77
Q

What does Going Active mean ?

A

When a successor router is removed and no feasible successor is available, the router tries to discover whether any loop free alternatives exists to reach that prefix

78
Q

What command would be use for load balancing in EIGRP ?

A

maximum-paths

variance multiplier
To overcome exact metric matches

79
Q

What reduces the work load of Query messages in EIGRP for convergence purposes ?

A

Stub Routers

Route Summarization

80
Q

Stub router features ?

A

Routers should not forward traffic between remote EIGRP

Non-Stub routers lean which routers are stub and do not send Query messages to those

81
Q

Route Summarization Features ?

A

Summary routes include the prefix ad the
router immediately sends an EIGRP reply
and does not flood Query to other
neighbors

Keeps routing tables small

82
Q

What commands do you use for Route Filtering ?

A

distribute-list (refers to ACL)
prefix list
route map

83
Q

What are the features for IPv6 EIGRP ?

A

Advertises prefix lengths NOT subnets

No concept of classful networks / No route summarization

Does not require neighbors to be in the same subnet

84
Q

What is the multicast address for IPv6 EIGRP

A

ff02::A

85
Q

What are the features of Name EIGRP IPv6 ?

A

Consolidates IPv4 and IPv6 EIGRP configurations under a single hierarchical structure

Single virtual instance
Includes two address families. One for IPv4 and
one for IPv6

86
Q

What are the steps of Link State for OSPF?

A

Neighbor Discovery
Topology Database Exchange
Route Computation

87
Q

OSPF Features that must match?

A 
Router ID
Stub Area Flag 
Intervals/Timers 
Subnet Mask 
Auth
88
Q

What OSPF metric does not have to match but can prevent data from being exchanged?

A

MTU

89
Q

What type of information does the OSPF LSDB Include?

A

Router ID’s
Interfaces/IP Adds/Masks/Subnets
List of routers reachable by each route on each interface

90
Q

What Protocol is OSPF?

A

89

91
Q

What is OSPFs multicast address?

A

224.0.0.5

92
Q

What are the parts of a OSPF hierarchical design?

A

ABR
Backbone
Internal Router

93
Q

Details about a ABR (Area Boarder Router)

A

Boundary between areas
Only generates Type 3 LSA’s
Only advertises subnets between areas

94
Q

OSPF Network Types

A 
Broadcast 
Point-to-Point 
Loopback 
Nonbroadcast (NBMA)
Point-to-Multipoint
Point-to-Multipoint nonbroadcast
95
Q

Metro Eth/VPLAS (Virtual Private LAN Service)

A

Uses VLAN trunking with subinterfaces off a FA or GIG interface

Does NOT form OSPF neighborships with routes in the service providers network
Only between customer routers

96
Q

What purpose does Virtual OSPF links serve?

A

Alternative to help networks meet backbone area designs without redesigning areas

Allows two ABRs that connect to the same nonbackbone area to form neighbortships

Acts as a virtual point-to-point connection

97
Q

What are the different tables used in OSPF?

A

Neighbor table
Topology table
IP routing table

98
Q

How does the OSPF Topology table work?

A

Sends individual LSA’s
Copies those to the LSDB
Router applies the SPF algorithm to the
LSDB to determine the best path

99
Q

Why would you limit the number of LSA’s?

A

Protect the router memory
Router is unable to process LSA’s
Cannot converge in a reasonable amount of
time

100
Q

Type 1 LSA

A

Router - each routers has its own type 1 LSA/ It contains the RID and all interface IP addresses on that router that are in that area

101
Q

Type 2 LSA

A

Network - represents a subnet in which a DR exists

102
Q

Type 3 LSA

A

Summary - a subnet in another area

103
Q

What are three options for metric tuning?

A

Change the reference bandwidth
Setting the interface bandwidth
Setting OSPF cost directly

104
Q

Intra-areas

A

Uses pure link -state logic w/full topology information

From Type 1 & 2 LSA’s

105
Q

Inter-areas

A

Uses distance vector logic

Takes it’s know metric to reach the ABR and add the metric for that subnet as advertised by the ABR
NO additional SPD calculation required

106
Q

What methods are used for Route Filtering?

A

Filtering would need to a happen with LSA transmissions

LSA Type 3 filtering using filter-list

Distribute list

107
Q

Where in the OSPF hierarchy should route summarization be done?

A

ASBR andf ASR

108
Q

What do defaults accomplish in OSPF?

A

Tells the ASBR to flood a default route into OSPF

109
Q

What features were introduced in OSPFv2

A

Renames LSAs
Type 3 Inter-area prefix
Type 4 Inter-area rourer

New LSAs
Type 8 Link LSA
Type 9 Intra-area prefix

110
Q

OSPFv3 Address Family configs accomplish what?

A

Combining IPv4 and IPv6

111
Q

Stub/Stubby Area ?

A

Are shielded from external routes but receive information about networks that belong to other areas of the same OSPF domain

NO type 5 LSA’s

112
Q

Totally Stub Area?

A

Keep their LSDB-only information about routing within their area, plus the default route.

NO Type 3,4 or 5 LSA’s

113
Q

Not-So-Stubby Area ?

A

They prevent the flooding of AS-external link-state advertisements (LSAs) into NSSAs and instead rely on default routing to external destinations

Placed on edge of routing domain

Can import external routes

No type 5 LSA’s

114
Q

Why do you need route redistribution?

A

When one routing protocol needs to be distributed into a second routing protocol

115
Q

What are the requirements for routing redistribution?

A

At least one working physical link with each routing domain

A working routing protocol config for each routing domain

An additional redistribution config for each routing protocol

116
Q

Redistribution uses what table?

A

IP Routing Table

117
Q

How is Redistribution manipulated?

A

Filtering and summarization

118
Q

Redistribution tells other routers what information?

A

All routes in the routing table learned by the routing protocols

All connected routes of the interfaces on which that routing protocol is enabled

119
Q

What does Redistribution from OSPF into EIGRP require>

A

Default metric settings

120
Q

OSPF LSA 5 Includes?

A

Link-state ID
Subnet mask Advertising router Metric
External metric type

121
Q

OSPF Redistributes what networks only?

A

Classful networks

NOT subnets

122
Q

Redistribution from EIGRP into OSPF requires what command?

A

redistribute eigrp # subnets

123
Q

What is a common Redistribution Issue?

A

Domain Loop - using multi redistribution points

124
Q

How do you prevent Domain Loop?

A

Higher Metric

AD-Administrative Distance

125
Q

What is Packet Switching?

A

How a router takes packets arriving on an ingress interface and being sent out an appropriate egress interface

126
Q

Modes of Packet Switching

A

Process Switching
Fast Switching
Cisco Express Forwarding (CEF)

127
Q

Features of CEF Cisco Express Forwarding

A

Two tables in Data plan

Does not require first packet to be switched

128
Q

What two tables does CEF use

A

FIB

Adjacency

129
Q

Define Policy Based Routing

A

Override a routers natural destination based forwarding logic. Uses other parameters to forward on packets.

130
Q

What does omitting the default parameter with policy based routing tell a router to do?

A

Try the Policy Based Route first, if it doesn’t work, try to route as usual.

131
Q

What are some other PBR features?

A

QoS

IP SLA

132
Q

Define VRF

A

Allows a single physical router to host multiple virtual routers, with those virtual routers logically isolated from one another, each with its own IP routing table.

133
Q

What is a requirement to configure VRF-Lite?

A

Must configure a subinterface for each VRF on each router

134
Q

Nat Limitations/Considerations

A

End to end connectivity

Issues w/Ipsec

PKI environment, digital certs could be incorrect

135
Q

What is NVI - NAT Virtual Interface ?

A

Allows you to do NAT configurations without specifying an interface inside/outside

136
Q

Addressing Hierarchy

A 
• ICANN
	○ IANNA 
		§Geographical regions 
	○ RIR - Regional Internet Registries 
		§ NIR  - National Internet Registry 
		§ LIR  - Local Internet Registries 
					®ISP's
	○ IR   -  Internet Registry
                gives IP's to end- 
                user organizations
137
Q

What is the purpose of route aggregation?

A

The solution to keep up with the rare increase in the size of the IP routing tables.

138
Q

What methods aid route aggregation?

A

Route summarization

Prefix/length based on geography or ISP

139
Q

Review Classful Network Assignments

A

Class A - 1 Network 10.0.0.0/8
Class B - 16 Networks 172.16.0.0/12
Class C- 256 Networks 192.168.0.0/16

140
Q

Benefits of BGP Boarder Gateway Protocol

A

Best-path inside the global internet

More complex best-path algorithm

Flexibility to configure different settings that influence path selection

Does not require neighbors to be attached to the same subnet

Emphasis on scalability

Path Vector logic

141
Q

AS_PATH key functions

A

Choose the best route for a prefix based on the shortest AS_PATH

Prevent routing loops

142
Q

When should you choose BGP as a routing protocol?

A

When you have at least two internet connections

You want to choose one outbound path over another path for a particular destination

143
Q

Features of eBGP

A

Updates the AS_PATH PA

Forms neighbor relationships

Exchanging topology information

144
Q

Requirements for eBGP neighbor relationships

A

Router ID’s cannot be the same

Configuration must pass auth

Must be apart of a TCP connection

145
Q

BGP Public/Private ASN’s

A

1 - 64,495 Public

64,512 - 65,534 Private

146
Q

What iBGP Behavior prevents Routing Loops?

A

When a router learns routes from an iBGP peer, that router does not advertise the same routes to another iBGP peer

147
Q

Solutions to Routing Loops?

A

Run BGP on at least some of the routes internal to the enterprise

Redistribute BGP orutes into the IGP (not recommened)

148
Q

Clearing BGP Peers Options

A

Hard
Soft in/out
In
Out

clear ip bgp neighbor-id “option”

149
Q

BGP Best-Path Algorithm

A

N WLLA OMNI

0 - 8

150
Q

Which Best-Path Algorithm attributes influence outbound routes?

A

W L A

151
Q

Which Best-Path Algorithm attributes influence inbound routes?

A

M = MED

152
Q

RIB failure

A

An event that occurs when the Routing Table Manager (RTM) attempts to add a route to the IP routing table, but a problem exists with the route that prevents RTM from adding the route.

153
Q

Methods for assigning IPv6 Addresses

A

Manual Configuration

Stateless Address Config (SLAAC)

Stateless DHCPv6
○ Router needs more IPv6 information than just the address

Stateful DHCPv6

DHCPv6 Prefix Delegation
Assigns a collection of IPv6 networks to the router

154
Q

3 Implicit instructions in a IPv6 ACL

A

permit icmp any any nd-na
permit icmp any any nd-ns
deny ipv6 any any

155
Q

How are IPv6 ACL’s different from IPv4?

A

ACLs are always extended and named

156
Q

Common concerns for IPv6 Security

A

Neighbor Discovery can be used to launch man-in-the middle attacks
§ Similar to gratuitous ARP

IPv6 addresses are not concealed with NAT

157
Q

BGP IPv6 Routing Design w/Single IPv4 Session Features?

A

Fewer neighborships are formed.

When sending IPv6 route information over the IPv4 BGP session, you need to create a route map to modify the Next-Hop BGP attribute.

158
Q

BGP IPv6 Routing Design w/Dual IPv4 Sessions Features?

A

More neighborships must be configured.

You do not need to configure a route map to modify the Next-Hop BGP attribute.

159
Q

MGP-BGP Features

A

Address Family Identifier AFI

Subsequent Address Family Identifier SAFI

Multiprotocol Reachable Network Layer Reachability Information

Multiprotocol Unreachable Network Layer Reachability Information

BGP Capability Advertisements

Backward compatible with BGP-4

160
Q

Management Plane Security

A 
SSH
Password Encryption 
Username/Privilege/Password 
Unicast Reverse-Path Forwarding 
AAA
SNMP Config & Verification 
NTP Authentication
161
Q

What two types of ACL’s extend router security?

A

Time Based ACL’s

Infrastructure ACL’s

162
Q

Two attributes of time-based key chains?

A

Accepted Lifetime

Send Lifetime

163
Q

Features of EIGRP Authentication

A

Helps prevent DoS attacks but no privacy

Attackers can join multicast subnet 224.0.0.10 and read packets

Prevents attackers from forming neighborships

164
Q

EIGRP Auth command?

A

ip authen mode eigrp # md5

ip authen key-chain eigrp # #####

165
Q

OSPFv3 Auth Details?

A

Relies on IPSEC to provide authentication

IPSEC can encrypt and authenticate

166
Q

OSPF MD5 Auth command?

A

int fa0/0
ip ospf message-digest-ket md5 ####

router ospf 1
area # authen message-digest

167
Q

BGP Auth command?

A

router bgp #

neighbor x.x.x.x password ####

CCNP Router 300-101 (1 decks)

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