CCNA Fundamentals Flashcards
TCP/IP
Transmission Control Protocol/ Internet Protocol
TCP/IP model
Application-Arizona
Transport-To
Network-Nancy
Data Link-Drove
Physical-Pete
Application
HTTP, POP3, SMTP
Transport
-TCP, UDP
-Segment
Network
-IP, ICMP
-Packet
Physical/Data Link
-Ethernet 802.3 & 802.11 (wi-fi)
-Frame
-Node builds and forwards frames
HTTP
Hyper Text Transfer Protocol
TCP
Transmission Control Protcol
UDP
User Datagram Protocol
Adjacent-layer interaction on the same computer
On a single computer, one lower layer provides a service to the layer just above. The software or hardware that implements the higher layer requests that the next lower layer perform the needed function.
Same-layer interaction on different computers
how each layer communicates its intended action to its peer on the receiving end of a connection
DDN
Dotted-decimal notation
Encapsulation
Process of putting headers around some data
OSI Model
Application-Art
Presentation-Pretty
Session-Sell
Transport-To
Network-Nancy
Data link-Drove
Physical-Pete
PDU
-Protocol data unit
-OSI uses it
UTP
-Unshielded twisted pair
-transmit over copper
-Suffix T
Ethernet/Physical layer
-Begins 802.3
Fiber-optic connection
-Ethernet nodes to send light over glass fibers in the center of the cable.
-Suffix X
Encoding Scheme
transmitting node changes the electrical signal over time, while the other node, the receiver, using the same rules, interprets those changes as either 0s or 1s.
SFP
Small form-factor pluggable
GBIC
Gigabit Ethernet Interface Converter
straight-through cable
- a cable that connects the wire on pin 1 on one end of the cable to pin 1 on the other end of the cable, pin 2 on one end to pin 2 on the other end, and so on.
-If the endpoints transmit on different pin pairs
Pinout
Refers to the wiring of which color wire is placed in each of the eight numbered pin positions in the RJ-45 connector.
crossover cable
- Ethernet cable that swaps the pair used for transmission on one device to a pair used for receiving on the device on the opposite end of the cable.
- If the endpoints transmit on the same pin pair
Example: In 10BASE-T and 100BASE-TX networks, this cable swaps the pair at pins 1,2 to pins 3,6 on the other end of the cable, and the pair at pins 3,6 to pins 1,2 as well.
Transmits to pins 1,2
PC NICs, Routers, and Access points
Transmits to pins 3,6
Hubs and switches
auto-mdix
Cisco feature that notices when the wrong cable is used and automatically changes its logic to make the link work.
Fiber Cables
-Use glass to transmit
-optical transmitter(light source), shines a light into the core, light can pass through the core; however, light reflects off the cladding back into the core.
-Layers=Outer Jacket>Strengthener>Buffer>Cladding>Core
LED
Light emitting diode
Multimode Fiber
cable allows for multiple angles (modes) of light waves entering the core.
Single-mode Fiber
smaller-diameter core, around one-fifth the diameter of common multimode cables. To transmit light into a much smaller core, a laser-based transmitter sends light at a single angle
Ethernet data-link protocol Ethernet Frame
an Ethernet header at the front, the encapsulated data in the middle, and an Ethernet trailer at the end.
Preamble
7 Bytes, Synchronization
SFD
-Start Frame Delimiter
-Signifies that the next byte begins the Destination MAC Address field.
Type
Defines the type of protocol listed inside the frame; today, most likely identifies IP version 4 (IPv4) or IP version 6 (IPv6).
Data and Pad
Holds data from a higher layer, typically an L3PDU (usually an IPv4 or IPv6 packet). The sender adds padding to meet the minimum length requirement for this field
FCS
-Frame Check Sequence
-Provides a method for the receiving NIC to determine whether the frame experienced transmission errors.
MTU
Maximum transmission unit
-the maximum Layer 3 packet that can be sent over a medium.
Unicast address
MAC address that represents a single LAN interface
OUI
Organizationally unique identifier
Group addresses
identify more than one LAN interface card.
Broadcast address
An address that means “all devices that reside on this LAN right now.”
Multicast addresses
On Ethernet, a multicast address implies some subset of all devices currently on the Ethernet LAN
MAC
Media Access Control
Burned-in address
The 6-byte address assigned by the vendor making the card
Half Duplex
The device must wait to send if it is currently receiving a frame; in other words, it cannot send and receive at the same time.
Full Duplex
The device does not have to wait before sending; it can send and receive at the same time.
HDLC
High-level Data Link Control
Serial link/line
bits flow serially and that routers use serial interfaces.
Point-to-point link/line
the topology stretches between two points, and two points only.
T1
specific type of leased line transmits data at 1.544 megabits per second/Mbps
PPP
Point-to-Point Protocol
CPE
Customer premises equipment
PoP
Point of Presence
Basic WAN Service
- Logically, behaves like a point-to-point connection between two routers
- Physically, behaves as if a physical fiber Ethernet link existed between the two routers
MPLS
Multiprotocol Label Switching
Ethernet emulation
Each router discards the old data-link ethernet header/ trailer and adds a new set
ARP
Address Resolution Protocol
- dynamically learns the data-link address of an IP host connected to a LAN
DS
Differentiated services
DNS
Domain Name System
Ping
Packet Internet Groper
ICMP
Internet Control Message Protocol
ingress traffic
traffic coming FROM the Internet TO the local network
egress traffic
traffic FROM the local network TO the Internet
CLLI
Common Language Location Identifier
North America use only
