CCM Flashcards
Complex emergencies definition
Multifaceted humanitarian crisis in a country, region or society, where there is a total or considerable breakdown of the authority resulting from internal or external conflict which requires a multi-sectoral international response
outline wars and conflicts since 1945
Since 1945 = 160 wars and armed conflicts
- most of them in developing countries
- up to date there are around 50 conflictd
-22 million people were killed
-3 times are many injured
What are characteristics of complex emergency
- large number of civillian victims, population, who are being displaced
- human suffering on major scale
- need for substantial international assistance. the response goeas beyond the capcity of any one agency
- delivery of humanitarian assistance is impeded or prevented by parties of the conflict
- high security risks for relief workers providing humanitarian assistance
- relief workers often targetd b parties to the conflict
Complex emergecny combine any of:
- natural disaster
- armed conflict
- famine
- mass population movement
- social and poiltical breakdown
- not time limited
what is a natural disaster?
a natural event which causes the great damage and/or loss of life
what is an earthquake
is a shaking or trembeling of the earth’s surface caused by seismic waves or werthquake waves that are generated due to sudden movement in the earth’s crust or upper mantle
Where earthquakes are most prevalent
- occur mainly in belts coinciding with margins of tectonic plates
- Circum-Pacific Belt (populated coasteal regions around Pacific Ocean
- Japan, New Zeeland, New Guinea, western coast of North and South America
- many brancehs at various [oints
why population in developing countries is more susceptible to tragic effects conflicts and natural disasters?
- Lack of infrastructure = Developing countries often have limited infrastructure, such as roads, hospitals, and emergency services, which can make it harder to respond to and recover from conflicts and natural disasters.
- greater burden of disease
- poverty = people more vulnerable to the effects of conflict and disasters, , they may not have access to adequate housing, healthcare, or food, making them more susceptible to disease and malnutrition.
- political instability =weaker or less stable governments, which can make it harder to prevent conflicts or respond effectively to natural disasters.
- lack of education
- environmental factor = due to geographic location and climate. many developing countries are located in areas prone to earthquakes, hurricanes, or flooding.
UN cluster system
Clusters are groups of humanitarian organizations both UN and NGOs, in each of main sector of humanitarian assistance
- aims for increase capacity, organized leadership and response to humanitarian crisises.
- coordination occurs at field level
- accountabiliy
When was the UN cluster system created
- 2005, after Pakistani earthquake
- Since then there have been two evaluations.
1st = finalized in 2007, focused on implementation.
2nd = in 2010, examined the contribution clusters made to improving humanitarian assistance. After the 2010 report, the Cluster Approach was further refined and improved in the context of the ‘Transformative Agenda’.
importance of cooperation between agents in humanitarian response
- resources = greater pool of resources, in terms of both funding and expertise leading to more efficient and effective humanitarian responce
- avoid duplication = agencies, NGOs, and intergovernmental organizations can ensure that each is playing a complementary role in providing assistance.
- comprehensive response = various needed are being addressed in coordinated and comprehended manner
- access = imporve access to difficult areas which may be difficult to reach due to security concerns or infrastructure damage. By working together, organizations can pool their resources and expertise to gain access to these areas and provide assistance to those in need
- accountabilty = Cooperation can also help to amplify advocacy efforts on behalf of those affected by conflicts or natural disasters. By working together, agencies, NGOs, and intergovernmental organizations can raise awareness of humanitarian issues and advocate for policy changes that will benefit those in need
What is DFID/UK aid
Department for INternational Development
- second largest billateral humanitarian aid donor
- supports small and medium sized civil society organisations (CSOs), based in the UK and overseas, to achieve sustained poverty reduction and to achieve the United Nations’ Global Goals (opens in a new window).
dafinition of war/conflict
the process of organized and purposeful use of violence of one human group againest another
- essence is the implied or actual use of force
describe children in terms of global population
there are 7.7 bilion people in the world. 2 million of them are children and quarter of them are living in a countries affected by conflict or disaster
- children in sub-saharan Africa are 14 times more likely to die before the age of 5 than those in high income countries
what are leading causes of death in children under 5
- preterm birth complication
- birth asphyxai
- diarrhea
- pneumonia
malaria
What are major killers (infectious)
- diarrhae
- chest infections
- measles
-bacterial and viral pneumonia - tuberculosis
- sepsis
Why children are more suspectible to tragic effects of conflict or disaster?
- relatively larger head size with respect to the body => more suspectible to the head injury
- closer to the ground = vapour density of toxic gases is greater and they are heavier than air eg sarin, chlorine
- smaller fluid reserve
- increased heart and respiratory rate
- more vulnerable to exploitation (sexual workers, slave, child abuse)
- mental distress = separation from parents
What may need in child treatment
- peadriatric size equioment
- ORS
- oral amoxicillin
What are prioritied for children
- seperate planning
-infection control - access to bare essentials: primary care, clean water, food
- reunion with family
- psychological support
- rehabilitation planning
- safe guarding
Hazards definition
a dangerous phenomenom, human activity or substance, that may casue loss of life, injuries or other health conditions, loss of livelihood and serivces, social and economic disruptions or environmental damage
Classification of hazards
- natural = naturtrally occuring physical phenomenoms (climatological, biological, geophysiological, meteorological, hydrological)
- human-made/technology hazards = industrial accidents, transport accidents, environmental degradation and pollution
- non-technological and human made wildfires ( armed conflicts, complex emergencies, conflict, terrorism
Describe the trends in disaster
The nummber of natural disasters has dramtically increased since 1970s, but there has been a declining effect in recent years
- many smaller conflicts and terrorism
- majority of disaster occurs in developinh countries
