CCI flash cards
ASD surgery is mainly considered when the Qp/Qs exceeds? What is Qp/Qs?
ASD surgery is mainly considered when the Qp/Qs > 1.5 the size of an atrial septal defect is typically described in terms of the ratio between pulmonary blood flow (Qp) and systolic blood flow (Qs).
Sound waves are described as?
Longitudinal, mechanical
What does each prefix mean ?
Ab, acro, epi, cyan, intra, supra, Brady, peri, leuk, end, auto
Ab-away from, acro-extremities, epi-outer, cyan-blue, intra-within, supra-above over, Brady-slow, per-around/about, leuk-white, end-inside, auto-self
What is the approximate equivalent of 16 ounces? A.1.5 liter B. 1.0 kiloliter C. 0.5 microliters D. 500 milliliters
D. 500 milliliters
What is the average speed of sound in soft tissue, bone and air?
Soft tissue-1,540 m/s, bone 3,500 m/s, air 330m/s
What does each root word mean?
Athro, cardio, hemo, neuro, rhin, thromb, viscer, myco, laparo, path
Athro-joint. Cardio-heart. Hemo-blood. Neuro-nerve. Rhin-nose. Thromb-clot. Viscer-organ. Myco-fungus. Laparo-abdomen. Path-disease
What is the frequency of ultrasound? What is the frequency of infrasound?
Ultrasound is >20,000 hz. Infrasound is <20hz.
The label on a large aspirin bottle reads grains. Dr. Jeff feelbetter’s prescription reads aspirin. Grains XV every 4 hours. How many tablets should be tavern according to the dr.?
3 tablets should be taken.
The RV approximately how many times thinner than the LV?
Three
What does each suffix mean?
Algia, centsis, desis, ectomoy, itis, ostomy, plasty, Oma, scopy, and megaly.
Algia-pain. Centsis-surgical puncture. Desis-surgical Union. Ectomoy-removal. Itis-inflammation. Ostomy-opening into. Plasty-surgical repair. Oma-Tumor. Scopy-view. Megaly-enlargement
What is a specular reflector? What is nonspecular reflector?
Specular reflector=large smooth structure in comparison to the wavelength like a diaphragm. A nonspecular reflector (also known as Rayleigh scatter) is a smaller reflector like a red blood cell.
What are these measurements of? 1. Mm 2. Cc 3. Cm squared
Mm=distance. Cc=volume. Cm squared =area
What is harmonic imaging? If your harmonic frequency is 6mhz what is the initial transmit frequency?
Transmit a certain frequency which is the first harmonic and then processes the next harmonic at twice the frequency. 3mhz because, the first frequency was 3mhz the second higher frequency would be 6mhz.
What layer of the heart makes the heart contract? What is the thick middle layer of the heart called?
Myocardium
How many centimeters are in a meter? How many cubic centimeters in 3.56 cubic meters? What is 3/8 converted to a decimal? How many centimeters are in 2 meters?
100,3,560,000, 3/8 is 0.375, centi means hundredth so there are 200 centimeters in 2 meters.
Name the two major types of harmonic imaging?
Tissue and contrast
According to ohms law, resistance is the product of voltage divided by: A. Ergs B. Watts C. Power D. Current E. Ohms
D. Current
Are these prefixes in increasing order? Micro, centi, milli, deci, kilo, hecto.
What do the prefixes kilo, giga, and mega mean?
No, here is the correct increasing order : micro, milli, centi, deci, hecto, kilo.
Kilo=1000, giga = billion, mega=million
How many elements does the CW transducer need to operate?
Two. One sending and one receiving.
What is the name of the valve by the IVC?
Eustachian valve
How do you convert Fahrenheit to Celsius? How do you convert Celsius to Fahrenheit? Normal oral body temperature is 98.6F, what is the equivalent in Celsius?
To convert a Fahrenheit to Celsius, subtract 32 from the Fahrenheit reading and multiply by 5/9. Example : 5/9 (98.6-32)= 37.0. Celsius to Fahrenheit -multiply Celsius reading by 9/5 and add 32. Example : 9/5100 +32= 212.37.0C
What is a common murmur heard with mitral valve prolapse?
Mid systolic click
What is the damping material used for in a transducer? How does damping influence the bandwidth and Q factor?
Damping material is placed behind the element to reduce the number of cycles in each pulse. This also increases the bandwidth and decreases the Q factor.
A measure of the total opposition to current flow in an alternating current circuit, measured in ohms defines? A. Voltage B. Impedance C. Inductance D. Capacitance
B. Impedance
What abnormality is often associated with a high pitched friction rub murmur?
Pericarditis
What is the decimal form of 44%? 8 is 2 and 1/2% of what number? What is 2/3 divided by 5? What is the product of 2/3, 1/5, 3/6?
44%=.44, 8 is 2.5% of 320, 2/3 divided by 5 is 2/15, the product of 2/3, 1/5, 3/6 is 1/15.
What is the Doppler effect?
What is the Doppler shift?
Effect-change in frequency of sound relative to the movement of the source.
Shift- is the difference between the transmitted and received frequency.
Can aliasing occur with normal blood flow using color flow Doppler?
Yes, high velocities can alias
What is 40% of 200? What is 1.0 x 10 to the 5th power? If it takes 5 hours to clean 2/3 of a large boat, how long will it take to clean the whole boat?
40% of 200 is 80.
1.0 x 10 to the 5th power is 100,000. To clean the whole boat will take 7 1/2 hours.
What is a common Murmur heard in patients with constrictive pericarditis?
Pericardial knock
A patient with a PDA may have what type of murmur?
Continuous murmur
The normal range for white blood cell count in adult males (per cubic millimeter) is approximately : A. 500-1,000 B. 5,000-10,000 C. 10,000-20,000 D. 50,000-100,000 E. 500,000-1,000,000
B. The normal range for white blood cell count in adult males (per cubic millimeter) is 5,000-10,000
What are three common sense principles of transporting patients?
- Always get adequate assistance when needed. 2. Use lower body strength (legs) they are strongest. 3. When moving an ambulatory patient from wheelchair to bed - bend knees, and put one foot between the patients legs and the other close to the bed. Turn your body as a unit, not a pivot.
What factor involving the wavelength and frequency will improve axial resolution?
Increasing the frequency will decrease the wavelength and improve axial resolution
A patient is admitted to the cardiac department with the following ABGs : Fi02 = 40%, ph =7.3, pc02 =50, hco3 = 20. According to these blood gases, the patient is in : A. Metabolic acidosis B. Metabolic alkalosis C. Respiratory acidosis D. Respiratory alkalosis
C. Respiratory acidosis - ABG Fi02 = 40% (respiratory) also note the pH is in acidosis range
How do you transport patients involving wheelchairs? When entering an elevator with a patient in a wheelchair you should?
Lock big wheels using the wheel locks. The foot rests must be moved aside or removed completely to prevent tripping. Back into the elevator so you can make a quick and safe exit.
T/F a mobile mass typically moves into the left atrium during systole and moves to the left ventricle during diastole?
True
What is axial resolution? What is lateral resolution?
Axial - able to resolve two closely spaced structures that are parallel to the direction sound is traveling.
Lateral- resolve closely spaced structures that are perpendicular to the beam.
List two common findings in a patient with the connective tissue disorder Marfans syndrome. What valvular jet is often observed?
Mitral valve prolapse, aortic dilatation/dissection. MR and AI
Ultrasound bio effects are not confirmed below what number?
100 mW/cm2 SPTA (spacial peak temporal average)
What are the three main methods of oxygen administration used in a medical setting?
Nasal cannula, nasal prongs, tent.
What is stable cavitation? What is transient cavitation?
Expansion and contraction of micro bubbles which may cause tissue damage. Stable is the safe cavitation. Transient is a more violent form which is bad.
What is the disease also knows as “aortic arch syndrome” that occurs more in women in Asia and Africa?
Takayasu arteritis also known as pulseless disease is an inflammatory disease with and unknown cause. It affects the aorta, the main blood vessels that attach to it. Inflammation of the aorta and major derivative branches. This inflammation leads to aterial stenosis, thrombosis, and aneurysms.
What system is the liver, pancreas, endocrine glands, thymus gland and gallbladder part of?
Digestive system
What is TGC and what does it do?
Time gain compensation. It helps to compensate for attenuation of the sound waves.
What is the most common mechanical prosthetic valve?
St. Jude (bi-leaflet tilting disc). The design (using two disks, a hinge mechanism, and a low profile) was found to be very durable when constructed of an appropriate material (usually carbon pyrolite) and has enjoyed low thrombogenecity and superior hemodynamics. Of the half dozen or so varieties of the bi -leaflet valve, the st. Jude prostheses has been used most often in aortic and mitral valve replacements. Of the three varieties of the st. Jude prostheses, all are constructed of carbon pyrolite, and have recently been fitted with circular metallic ring below the polyester sewing ring for aid in X-ray visibility.
What term would correspond to the list of terms?
1. Towards midline 2. Away from midline 3. Close to a location 4. Farther away from the location.
1.medial 2. Distal 3. Proximal 4. Distal
The major pathway of blood circulation to the brain is through the : A. Femoral arteries B. Carotid arteries C. Coronary arteries D. Subclavian arteries E. Pulmonary arteries
B. The major pathway of blood circulation to the brain is through the carotid arteries.
What is the unit for attenuation? Name three causes of attenuation in soft tissue? Which is the most major cause of attenuation in soft tissue?
Decibel (dB). Reflection, absorption and scatter. Absorption is the largest form of attenuation in soft tissue. (Conversion of energy into heat)
What type of valves is the Hancock? What type of valve is the ionescu-shiley?
They are both prosthetic valves. Hancock - most commonly from the pig, ione from the cow.
When a patient is in respiratory distress, what are a few ways in which they could be positioned to help with breathing?
Upright in position (sitting 45 degrees), mid fowlers position (semi setting 30 degrees) reverse trendelenburg (lying down on back, head elevated higher than pelvis).
If a patient is in shock, what would be a good position to out them in?
Trendelenburg (lying down with feet elevated above pelvis)
Name four acoustic variables?
Temperature, density, particle motion And pressure.
What is the advantage and disadvantage of a mechanical valve vs. a bioprosthetic valve?
Mechanical valves typically are more durable but require anticoagulant therapy. Bioprosthetic valves usually don’t require anticoagulant ion and have low thrombic risk.
In performing CPR on an adult what is the recommended breath to compression ratio? What ratio for a child or infant?
Adult - 15 compressions to 2 breaths, child 5:1
T/F a common inflammatory finding with post surgery bioprosthetic valve replacement is they usually are at least 2mm thick?
False
What two factors influence propagation speed? Which has the largest effect?
Bulk modulus (stiffness) and density. Stiffness has the largest influence.
- Should IV bags be kept above, at level, or below the level of the IV site? 2. If a patient has a Foley catheter in place, should the bag be placed above, level with, or below the waist?
- Above infusion site 2. Below the waist
At a fat-tissue/ muscle interface approximately what percent of the ultrasound beam would be transmitted? Why?
99%, there is a small acoustic mismatch
What type of graft transplant would demonstrate replacing the aortic valve in the heart with another persons aortic valve?
Homographs (or allographs) in which the patient receives a replacement heart valve from a deceased donor. Because the delicate nature of the valve surgeons must be careful to ensure the grave is the proper size and to take the Utmost care during surgery, since it is harder to install than all other forms of tissue valves. In an autograph tissue valve, the tissue is from the bishops the patient receiving the valve replacement. The surgeon can take tissue from a variety of regions, including, but not limited to, the dura mater, pericardium, fascia lata, peritoneum, and vena cava. The tissue is then attached to a synthetic frame, usually of stainless steel, which gives the structure a stronger form and is therefore easier to transplant than a homograph.
Approximately how much sound energy would be reflected at a soft tissue (skin)/ air interface? Why?
99%, there is a large acoustic mismatch
What is a common sunroom of a patient with endocarditis? What is the “classic” cardiac finding with endocarditis?
Fever/chills. A patient with endocarditis is at risk of vegitations.
What is malpractice? What is consent? What is the primary goal of code of ethics?
Malpractice is defined as bad or harmful practice that injures another person. Consent is permission granted by a person voluntarily and in south mind. Code of ethics is to determine what is moral, it is your obligation to do good.
Are these sound velocities in order from lowest to highest? Air,fat,blood,muscle,liver,skin, bone?
Yes
What side of the mitral and tricuspid valves are vegitations most commonly seen?
Atrial side
Why is AC 60hz current (wall current), a ver dangerous current to the heart if you were to get shocked?
It can produce cardiac fibrillation - a life threatening arrhythmia.
Staphylococcus aureus is most commonly found in what type of patients? What side of the heart is most effected?
IV drug user. Right side of heart.
What is the difference between negligence and liability? What is the purpose of a quality assurance program?
Liability means we are legally responsible for our actions towards patients. Negligence means to not do something we should or do something we should not. QAP purpose it to monitor and help patients receive optimal care.
What is the frequency range for clinical imaging?
2-15 MHz
As frequency increases, axial resolution will?
Improve
Name three guidelines for charting health care records?
- Records are kept on all clients receiving care or treatment. 2. The chart is considered the property of the facility. 3. Do not chart before the event occurs.
Name 3 reasons a pericardial effusion may occur.
Infection, radiation therapy, metastatic disease
Name the government agency having the legal responsibility for enforcing proper drug manufacture and clinical use?
Food and drug administration (FDA)
What is tamponade?
A moderate to large pericardial fluid build up do to a rapid increase in venous pressure.
What unit is dynamic range measured in? What is dynamic range?
Decibels, the range of gray scale between the lowest and the highest magnitude signals the ultrasound system can detect.
As frequency increases attenuation will?
Increase
How does inspiration effect the mitral and tricuspid valve during a tamponade?
Inspiratory velocity decrease across MV and an increased velocity across TV.
When documenting in a computer chart, is it ok to use general non specific statements?
No, avoid using generalizations, use facts. These are things that can be visually observed, felt and heard.
If fibrin is seen in an effusion, what may this suggest?
Long standing effusion
What are most hospital safety requirements for power cables and electronic equipment like EKG and Echo machines? What is sparks fly when you plug in the machine?
They must be 3 wire conductor, with 3 prong plug. If sparks fly the machine might have been left on.
What describes power/area?
Intensity.
If a patient feels faint during a blood draw or IV insertion what might help?
Have the patient put there head between there knees.
What is pulses paradoxus?
> 10mmHg decrease in systolic pressure gradient during inspiration.
Which of the following Doppler frequencies 18 MHz, 7mhz, 2mhz, 2.5mhz would result in the shallowest penetration depth?
18 MHz
The largest Doppler shift occurs when the beam strikes at what angle?
0 degrees angle
What is the best reliable predictor for echo in a tamponade? What is a common way to treat a tamponade?
RV wall diastolic collapse. Pericardial centesis (tap) to drain the fluid.
What three factors influence residence to blood flow? What vessel has the greatest influence on total vascular resistance?
Radius of vessel, viscosity if fluid through the vessel and the length of the vessel all determine resistance to flow. Arterioles.
Which of the following vessels have the greatest influence on total vascular resistance? A. Veins B. Venules C. Arterioloes D. Capillaries
C. Arterioles
Describe aliasing? Can aliasing only occur with pulsed Doppler systems?
When the PRF (pulse repitition frequency) is less than twice the Doppler shift frequency. Yes
What are the two classic findings (heart sound and m-mode) for constrictive pericarditis?
- Pericardial knock sound 2. Atrial or Spanish notch on m-mode
What are three types of electrical injury involving hands and feet? Which of the three is considered the most deadly?
Foot to foot electric shock,hand to foot, hand to hand. The most deadly route is hand to hand, with a risk of going through the heart.
T/F with constrictive pericarditis the diastolic filling is impaired?
True
What information does the spectral analysis provide?
Amplitude,time, frequency.
What is the reason heart valves open and close? What are the mean intra cardiac pressures (mmHg) for each chamber?
A change in intra cardiac pressure. RA 2-8. RV 15-30/2-8. LV 80 to 130/3-12. LA 2-12. PA15-30/4-12. AO 100-140/60-90
What does FFT (fast Fourier transform) do to ultrasound signals?
Converts Doppler signals to analog waveforms.
What is an aneroid sphygmomanometer? What is considered the normal value for blood pressure?
It is an inflatable cuff that measures the blood pressure using air or Mercury. Normal value is 120/80.
What is pulmonary HTN? What side of the heart does pulmonary HTN effect? What are three things associated with PHTN?
A pulmonary pressure greater than 30 mmHg. Right heart (PHTN is typically secondary to left heart problems). RAE, RVE, TR, dilated IVC.
Define the following key terms: asepsis, immunity, sterile, pathogen.
Asepsis- freedom from infection. The methods used by health care workers to prevent spread of microorganisms. Immunity- high level of resistance to certain microorganisms. Sterile- free from all living microorganisms. Pathogen- microorganism that produces disease.
T/F with PHTN there is a common finding d-shape “pancaking” of the septum in systole? T/F this is due to both volume overload and high pressure.
True, true
What is write magnification? Is this pre or post processing?
It is a zoom feature to increase the size of the structure you want to look at. It is part of preprocessing.
Define the following key terms: infection, isolation, reverse isolation.
Infection- invasion and multiplication of microorganisms in the body tissues. Isolation - separation from others (because they may have an infection) and want to prevent the spread of microorganisms. Reverse isolation- protects the patient from microorganisms that may be carried by staff or visitors.
What is a common method used to calculate pulmonary artery pressure by Doppler?
Get the TR jet peak velocity and use the modified Bernoulli formula (RSVP = 4xV squared). Then ad 5, 10, 15, 20 to it depending on the IVC size and function. Example : with a peak TR jet of 2.0m/s the RSVP would be 2x2x4=16+5 (IVC) answer : RSVP = 21 mmHg
What is pre processing? Name two pre processing functions?
After data is acquired you may use the data before storage in the scan converter. TGC and rejection are both pre processing.
The pressure gradient through a tube is inversely proportional to which of the following:
A. Length of the tube
B. Flow rate of fluid
C. Radius of the tube to the fourth power
D. Radius of the tube to the sixteenth power.
C. Radius of the tube to the fourth power.
What is a simplified view of the Krebs cycle?
Krebs cycle (citric acid cycle) Is basically many oxidation reductions, involving various acids. During these reactions, O2 and h2 combine and energy is released. The cycle creates energy (ATP), by breaking the bonds in glucose (ADP to ATP). This is import at because ATP is the primary energy storage molecule the heart muscle uses to contract.
What is post processing? Name one example of post processing?
Using the data (assignment of grey shades) after it was stored in the scan converter. A frozen image
What is the normal dimension of the IVC? Does it collapse with inspiration?
1.2 to 2.3 cm.. Yes, it usually has some collapse upon inspiration.
What is the main organ responsible for regulating electrolyte and acid base balance in the body?
Kidney
What two things are a sound waves wavelength determined by?
The medium and source of sound
T/F PHTN is a common cause of left atrial enlargement?
False, PHTN is a right heart problem and usually does not effect the left atrium.
What are normal arterial blood gas values?
Normal ABG’s would be: PH 7.38-7.44, PC02 40 mmHg, HC03 (bicarbonate) 24mEq/L
What are two ways to reduce bio effects on an ultrasound system?
Limit the scan exposure time and reduce the transmit gain.
What do you call the memory or computer of the ultrasound machine?
Digital scan converter
What is metabolic alkalosis? What is a normal bicarbonate level?
Excessive bicarbonate (HCo3) in the blood. The normal level is 24-28mEq/L.
What is the number one cause of dilated cardiomyopathy in the USA? What are other international causes? What type of EF is associated with a dilated cardiomyopathy?
Alcohol is the number one cause. Other causes are infection, AIDS, ischemia. 10-25% EF.
What is the number one valvular heart disease? What is the best 2-D view used for diagnosing mitral valve prolapse?
Mitral valve regurgitation is the number one valvular heart disease. Use the parasternal long axis view (3 chamber) for diagnosing MVP.
Why is a ultrasound transducer that is cracked considered unsafe?
It may cause electric shock
In an emergency situation what body fluids may be considered infectious? How do you disinfect an area after a blood spill?
All fluids may be infectious. After a blood spill put on tour gloves, then use 1 part bleach with 10 parts water.
What are five common findings associated with dilated cardiomyopathy? What is a common late complication associated with this type of cardiomyopathy?
Increased EPSS, dilated LV, global hypokinesis with a low EF, decreased aortic root motion, LAE. Risk of systemic emboli or apical thrombus late in course.
What is the formula for wavelength?
Wavelength=c/f (speed divided by frequency)
Describe the artifact reverberation and name one?
Multiple echoes equally spaced and close to the transducer. Gas bubbles.
If your are accidentally exposed to a patients blood, what is the medical responsibility to the healthcare worker?
Post exposure follow up must be made available and blood testing is free of charge.
In statistics, the most common used measure of variability or dispersion of data is the: A. Chi square B. Students t-test C. Quartile deviation D. Standard deviation E. Statistical mean
D. Standard deviation
What is Chagas’ disease?
Cardiomyopathy caused from a parasite bite (more common in South America)
If there is a lack of oxygen in the blood stream for anaerobic glycolysis, what is on of the end products?
Lactic acid may build up in the body.
What artifact will occur to an object if the propagation speed is less than 1540m/s when scanning?
The object will be placed too far from the transducer.
What type of cardiomyopathy may be seen as a bright myocArdium with ground glass appearance? What causes the bright appearance?
Amyloidosis. Starch like deposits of amyloid.
Oxidation of glucose is also known as? Why is the process important to the cell?
Cellular respiration. This process produces the cells energy.
What are the three major type of cardiomyopathy?
Hypertrophic (with or w/o obstruction), dilated (congestive), restrictive (infiltrative).
What type of artifact may sclerotic valves and prosthetic valves produce? What type of artifact is associated with low amplitude signals?
Shadowing artifact
What are building blocks of proteins called? What part of a cell stores genetic nucleic acids?
Amino acids, deoxyrubonucleic acid (DNA)
What are two classic findings associated with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy using Doppler and m-mode?
Late peak dager shape on Doppler, mid systolic notch of AoV (double diamond appearence) on m-mode.
What is considered the audible sound range? Does the Doppler shift occur in this range?
-20 kHz to 20 kHz. Yes
The heart rate and respirations are controlled in what part of the brain?
Medulla oblongata
What are two ways to improve temporal resolution? Will increasing the frame rate improve temporal resolution?
Decrease image depth, decrease the sector size of your scan. Yes.
What effect does the valsalva maneuver have on aortic valve murmurs?
It will increase or accentuate the murmur
What does the valsalva maneuver do to intrathoracic pressure? What murmurs will increase during the valsalva maneuver?
The strain phase of the valsalva maneuver increases intrathoracic pressure and will decrease venous return, stroke volume and cardiac output. All murmurs will decrease except for murmurs of hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy and mitral valve prolapse.
What is the fresnel zone? What is the Fraunhofer zone?
Fresnel - near field of the sound beam. The region between the transducer face and the focal point.
Fraunhofer - far field. After the focal point where there is beam divergence.
What is the main brain stimulus used to control breathing? What nerve controls the breathing by the diaphragm?
The C02 levels in the body is what the brain uses to regulate breathing. The phrenic nerve controls breathing by the diaphragm.
T/F the memory of the ultrasound machine uses binary numbers?
True
T/F systolic anterior motion (SAM) of the mitral valve is associated with HCM?
True
Where is insulin produced? Is the pancreas located in the abdominal cavity?
Pancreas. Yes.
Mosaic color may depict what type of blood flow?
Turbulent
What does amyl nitrate do to the heart? What murmurs are increased by amyl nitrate and which are decreased?
Amyl nitrate is a vasodilator which causes a decrease in BP and venous return. Murmurs such as AS, AO sclerosis and HOCM are increased. Also a murmur with MVP may be more prevalent, however murmurs MR, AR, and VSD’s will typically decrease.
What is the simplest carbohydrate group? What are the three classified groups of carbohydrates?
Monosaccharide, the simplest group, and is a single sugar molecule such as glucose or fructose. Disaccharide, polysaccharide, and monosaccharide.
Are lipids soluble in water? What are the three major groups of lipids?
No. The three groups are: triglycerides (fats, oils and waxes), phospholipid and steroids.
T/F with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy common findings are LVE, LVH and LAE.
False. LVH, LAE, and normal to decreased LV size.
What type of transducer can beam steer and focus from a small time delay in the elements firing mechanism?
Sector phased array transducer
Describe peak to peak pressure gradient compared to a peak instantaneous pressure gradient. Which is used in Doppler echocardiography?
Peak to peak used in cath, compares the peak systolic right or left ventricular pressure to the peak systolic pulmonary artery or aorta (2 measurements). While peak instantaneous is just one measurement obtaining the instantaneous peak between the 2 chambers and is used in echo.
What type of transducer does not have beam steering and produces a rectangle shape?
Linear sequenced array transducer
What type of ventricular aneurysm involves only two layers of the heart muscle? What are the two layers?
Pseudoaneurysm. Epicardium and pericardium.
In continuous wave ultrasound what is the maximum duty factor value? What is the minimum value?
Maximum is 1 or 100% when the CW is on. Minimum is 0 or 0.0% when CW is off. H
T/F A true ventricular aneurysm occurs more frequently than a pseudoanerysm? T/F aneurysm formation is the most complication of an myocardial infarction?
False. True.
What are the three parts that make up the respiratory system?
Respiratory system includes the trachea, bronchi and lungs.
In the ultrasound beam, where is lateral resolution best? Where is axial resolution best?
Lateral resolution is best at the focus. Axial resolution is best throughout the beams length.
T/F True venticular aneurysms have the mouth wider than the body and involve the endo, myo and epicardial ventricular walls?
True
What is amarosis fugax? What is syncope?
Temporary loss of sight or blindness in one eye (monocular) caused from decreased blood flow to the retina. Syncope is the medical term for fainting, a sudden, usually temporary, loss of consciousness generally caused by insufficient oxygen in the brain either through cerebral hypoxia or through hypotension, but possibly for other reasons. Typical symptoms progress through dizziness, clamminess of the skin, a dimming of vision or grey out, possible tinnitus, complete loss of vision, weakness of limbs to physical collapse.
What does the nervous system consists of?
The paired Vegas nerves, and paired sympathetic chains.
What is the name of the most common electronic cardiac transducer?
Sector phased array
What is the number one benign cardiac tumor that is made of connective tissue cells?
LA myxoma
What body cavity contains the lungs, heart, esophagus, trachea, major blood vessels, endocrine glands nervous system and lymphatics?
Thoracic cavity
What dB increase would be considered if the intensity is increased 1000 times greater than the original signal?
30dB
What is the number one malignant cardiac tumor?
Sarcoma- it is the most common malignant tumor of the heart, and occurs in the right atrium. Here it can cause right sided heart failure, arrhythmias, pericardial effusion, and cardiac tamponade.
What is the most common VSD including adult population?
Perimembraneous VSD
What percent does a -3dB loss of original intensity represent?
50% loss of the original intensity.
What structure separates the thoracic cavity from the abdominal cavity?
Diaphragm
What are the three major types of ASD’s? What is the most common ASD?
Sinus venosus (by SVC), primum (by the AV valves), secundum (mid septal area by PFO). Secundum types are most common, approximately 90% of all ASD’s are this type.
What cavity contains the stomach, gallbladder, pancreas, intestines, liver, spleen, adrenal glands and kidneys?
Abdominal cavity
What law is considered the law of refraction? Will refraction occur if there is perpendicular incidence?
Snells law. No.
T/F Most ASD’s are low velocity with left to right shunting? T/F Longer standing ASD shunts commonly cause RV volume overload?
True. True.
What does plasma consist of?
Plasma is 90% water (liquid portion of blood), 8% proteins, nutrients, waste products such as uric acid and creatinine, electrolytes, (various ions such as sodium calcium chloride and bicarbonate), respiratory gases (O2 and C02).
What is the most common man made transducer made of?
Lead zirconate titanate (PZT)
T/F high velocity VSD jets are typically considered mild?
True, the smaller hole will create a high velocity jet.
The frequency of a CW transducer is determined by what factor?
The driving voltage frequency
What function do platlets and thrombocytes have?
Platelets and thrombocytes adhere to damaged blood vessel walls and release enzymes that activate hemostasis which stops bleeding.
What is in vitro? What is in vivo? What is epidemiology?
Vitro- studies performed in a glass tube. Vivo- performed on animals or plants. Epidemiology is the study of the prevalence of disease.
What is persistent left SVC? What is one common echo finding?
Congenital malformation where the last arm drains into the coronary sinus instead of the SVC. A dilated coronary sinus.
What is the most common protein and its function? Name a few other proteins and functions?
Albumin. It is produced by the liver and helps to keep osmotic pressure between blood and tissue. Other proteins are hormones, alpha and beta globulins (transport lipids), gamma globulins (antibodies), fibrogen and prothrombin (clotting proteins).
What are the main functions of blood? What is anemia? What is erythrocytes?
Transport nutrients, oxygen and hormones, remove metabolic waste and C02, provide immunity through antibodies, maintain body temperature, electrolyte balance and clotting. Anemia is low RBC count and erythrocytes is a high RBC count.
What is eisenmengers syndrome? What is a common complication associated with this disorder?
A long standing left to right ASD or VSD the shunt reverses and becomes right to left. Severe pulmonary HTN.
What is the basic value of attenuation in soft tissue?
.5-1dB/cm/MHz
What are the four blood types? Which is the universal donor?
A, B, AB and O. Type AB is the universal recipient. Type O- is considered the universal donor because it has no antibodies to clump with the antigens of other blood types.
What is a common view where the patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) shunt is seen?
Use the PSAX at the aortic level
What is thermal index (TI)? What is mechanical index (MI)?
MI- is the potential of cavitation (the higher the MI the larger the potential) TI- estimates temperature rise from ultrasound exposure.
Blood and lymph can be checked by chemical tests and coagulation studies. What are the five common tests used for direct examination of blood?
- Hemoglobin test- measures the oxygen carrying ability of blood. 2. Hematocrit - measures volume of erythrocytes. 3. Sedimentation rates- how long it takes the erythrocytes to settle in the bottom of a container. 4. Blood cell counts (CBC, WBC, RBC) - to evaluate immune disorders and organ function and anemia. 5. Reticulocyte studies- measure the number of immature RBC’s.
If there is a propagation speed error what might occur?
The echo may be improperly located
In which of the following patients would an enteric isolation technique be used?
A. Influenza
B. Draining wounds
C. Respiratory disease
D. Diseases spread by fecal contamination.
D. Diseases spread by fecal contamination.
What is ebsteins anomaly? What are three common findings in patients with this anomaly?
Apical displacement of the TV leaflets. TV abnormal, RVVO, ASD.
Name the three layers of a vessels wall?
Tunica intima - inner most, media - middle, and adventia - outer layer.
What us associated with Huygens principle?
All points on a wave can be considered for secondary smaller waves.
What type of aortic dissection is the most common? What is the location?
Type one. Ascending aorta to the aortic arch.
T/F With truncus arteriosus the RV has no RV outflow tract and no pulmonic valve?
True
What are the arteries that act as controls valves through which blood is metered to the capillaries? What are capillaries and why are they considered Microvessels?
Arterioles. Capillaries are the smallest of a body’s blood vessels and are part of the microcirculation. They are only one cell thick. (Microvessels) they connect arterioles and venules, and enable the exchange of water, oxygen, carbon dioxide, and many other nutrient and waste chemical substances between blood and surrounding tissues.
What are three other names that lateral resolution may be called? What factor determines lateral resolution?
Transverse, azimuthal, angular. Beam diameter determines lateral resolution.
In the PSLAX view what two aortic valve leaflets can be seen? Which leaflet is the closest to the MV in this view?
Right and non coronary. Non coronary.
What are three other names axial resolution may be called? What factors determine axial resolution?
Longitudinal, range, depth. Spacial pulse length and the frequency determine axial resolution.
What vessel contains deoxygenated blood from peripheral tissue?
Veins.
T/F Does the MV have a premature closure when acute severe AI is present? Is the MV effected with loss of sinus rhythm or when a first degree AVB present?
True, true- premature MV closure can occur.
