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Cceb 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the rate limiting step in cholesterol synthesis

A

HMG CoA reductase

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2
Q

What stimulates HMG CoA to mevalonate?

A

Insulin

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3
Q

What enzyme does statin, the ‘cholesterol lowering drug’ target?

A

Mevalonate

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4
Q

What is pregnolone converted to in the sequence of steroid hormones?

A

Cholesterol - pregnalone - progesterone - cortisol, aldosterone, dehydroepiansrosterone (dhea) - androstenedione - testosterone - estradiol - estrogen

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5
Q

What are the four ways to remove nitrogen?

A

Transamination - transfer of NH2 to another molecule
Deamination - in liver broken dowm
Ammonia formation - hydrogen is added to NH2 to form ammonia NH3
Urea formation - changes ammonia into non toxic urea excreted in urine

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6
Q

Rate limiting enzyme in urea cycle?

A

Carbomoyl phosphate synthase

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7
Q

In DNA synthesis, what pairs are joined with hydrogen to form two polynucleotide chains?

A

Adenine+ thymine
Guanine+ cytosine

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8
Q

What are the characteristics of DNA synthesis?

A

Bidireccional (site of origin, out in both directions)
Semi conservative (one parent and one daughter strand)

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9
Q

Which base pairs are for RNA and which for DNA?

A

Cytosine and guanine - DNA and RNA
Adenine and Thymine - DNA
Adenine and Uracil - RNA

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10
Q

What protein is secreted by the notochord around day 18 of gestation?

A

Sonic hedgehog

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11
Q

What week does the neural groove close?

A

Week 4

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12
Q

What do the a) marginal and
b) mantle layer differenciate into?

A

A) White matter of spinal cord
B) Dorsal (alar) -> sensory neurons dorsal horn + ventral (basal plates) -> motor neurons ventral horn

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13
Q

What does the tissue at the top of the neural tube become? And what do they give rise to?

A

Neural crest cells
- Dorsal root ganglion
- Adrenal medulla
- Melanocytes
- Enteric ganglia
- Schwann cells
- Sympathetic ganglia

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14
Q

What do the posterior or dorsal columns tract carry?

A

Vibration, fine touch and joint position sense

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15
Q

What are the two divisions of the dorsal columns and where do fibers from the lower limb and upper limb synapse in?

A

Medial gracilis (from the lower limb) and lateral cuneatus (from the upper limb)

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16
Q

What are the four divisions of the anterolateral system and what do they carry?

A

Lateral spinothalamic (pain and temperature)
Ventral spinothalamic (crude touch and pressure)
Spinocerebellar (mediates autonomic responses to nociception)
Spinotectal tracts (eye movements response to tactile stimuli)

17
Q

What do the descending tracts carry? Except for raphespinal tract?

A

Skeletal motor function, smooth muscles and secretory glands
Nociception modulation

18
Q

1st, 2nd, 3rd and decussation of the
Dorsal columns?

A

1st mechanoreceptors
2nd nuclei gracilis and cuneatus
3rd medulla
Dorsal columns VPL nucleus of thalamus

19
Q

1st, 2nd, 3rd and decussation of the
Anterolateral Spinothalamic tracts?

A

1st nociceptors
2nd lámina 1,2,5 in dorsal horn
3rd VPL nucleus of the thalamus
Decussation spinal cord

20
Q

1st, 2nd, 3rd and decussation of the
Dorsal spinocerebellar

A

1st unconscious proprioception from ipsilateral lower limb
2nd Clarke’s nucleus in thoracic region
3rd cerebellum vía inferior cerebellar peduncle
Decussation does not cross

21
Q

1st, 2nd, 3rd and decussation of the
Ventral spinocerebellar

A

1st unconscious proprioception from ipsilateral upper and lower limb
2nd lámina 7
3rd cerebellum vía superior peduncle
decussation first at the spinal cord then again in the pons ipsilateral

22
Q

What are the four ascending tracts?

A

Dorsal column
Spinothalamic
Dorsal spinocerebellar
Ventral spinocerebellar

23
Q

What are the 7 descending tracts and their 1st, 2nd order and decussation?

A

Rubrospinal: red nucleus, lam 5-8, midbrain

Tectospinal: tectum of midbrain, lam 6-8, midbrain

Lateral corticospinal: pre central gyrus, lám 4-9, medulla

Ventral corticospinal: pre central gyrus, lam 4-9, spinal cord at exit level

Reticulospinal: reticular formation, lam 8, various levels

Vestibulospinal: vestibular nuclei, lám 6-8, uncrossed

Raphespinal: raphe nucleus, lam 1,2,5, uncrossed

24
Q

Function of the descending tracts?

A

Lateral corticospinal: voluntary control limbs

Ventral corticospinal: voluntary control of the head, neck and trunk

Rubrospinal: excited proximal flexors and inhibits extensors mainly upper limb

Reticulospinal: restricts and facilitates voluntary movements through a and y motor neurons

Tectospinal: coordinates head and eye turning in response to light via superior colliculus

Vestibulospinal: involved in postural reflexes- neck muscles, extensors of back and legs

Raphespinal: inhibits nociception by releasing serotonin and acts on the c fibers

25
Q

What innervates the facet joints?

A

The facet joints of t1-2 are innervated by the medial branches of c8 and t1. This pattern continues in the lumbar spine. Of note the anatomy of the L5-S1 facet joint differs. It is innervated by the medial branch of L4 and the dorsal ramus of L5

26
Q

What are the a&a of middle cerebral artery insufficiency?

A

Contralateral paralysis
Aphasia (brocas damage aka broadmans 44+45)
Sensory loss (ant internal capsule)
Motor loss (post ant capsule)

27
Q

What are the S&S of Wallenberg or lateral medullary vascular insufficiency?

A

Dysphagia
Ataxia
Horner’s syndrome ispilateral
Loss of pain and temp contralateral below the head

28
Q

What are the S&S of medial medullary syndrome due to vertebral artery insufficiency/occlusion?

A

Contralateral spastic hemiplegia with loss of touch vibration and pressure

29
Q

What are the s&s due to occlusion of the dorsal midbrain (aka Clauses syndrome)?

A

Ipsilateral cn3 palsy
Contralateral ataxia and tremor

30
Q

Weber aka medial midbrain syndrome (occlusion due to posterior cerebral artery branches) S&S

A

Contralateral spastic paralysis
Ipsilateral CN 3 weakness (eye movements)

31
Q

Distribution of blood supply of the brain

A
32
Q

What are the 4 main thalamic nuclei

A

Vpl: neck and below
Vpm: from head
Lateral geniculate body: from Light (visual input) connects with superior colliculus
Medial geniculate body: form Music auditory input connects with inferior colliculus

33
Q

Basal ganglia nuclei

A

Caudate (+ putamen= corpus striatum)
Lentiform (putamen, globus pallidus ext and int)
Substantia nigra (pars compacta + reticulata)

34
Q

3 functional psthways of cerebellum

A

Spinocerebellum ( balance of arms and legs) central aspect of posterior and anterior lobe
Cerebrocerebellum ( info from cortex) lateral part of anterior and posterior lobe
Vestibulocerebellum ( balance of trunk) in the floconodular lobe

35
Q

3 nuclei of the cerebellum
Medial to lateral

A

(Flowers Grow Every Day)
Fastigial: spine
Interposition
Globose: proximal joints ex GH joint
Emboliform: middle joints ex elbow
Dentate: distal joints ex digital joints

36
Q

What canNOT cross the BBB and what specialized regions have no BBB

A

Bacteria cannot, lipid soluble more freely than water soluble.

Area postrema facilitates vomit response to toxins and the neurohypophysis and pineal gland for secreting hormones

37
Q

Vertebral artery

A
38
Q

CSF course

A

500 ml/ day produced by choroid plexus in lateral ventricles
Into 3rd v to 4th v via aqueduct of sylvius
Leaves via lateral foramina of lushka and median foramen of magendie
Collects in cisterna
Drains vía arachnoid granulations opening to the superior sagittal Sinus

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