CCC chapters 1-5 Flashcards
Which causative agent has been linked to Burkitt’s lymphoma?
EBV
Which cancer are aromatic amines associated with?
Bladder
Which cancer is benzine associated with?
Leukaemia
Which cancer is wood dust associated with?
nasal adenocarcinoma
Which cancer is vinyl chloride associated with?
angiosarcomas
How to toposiomerase inhibitors lead to an increased risk of acute leukaemia?
Induces characteristic transloactions.
How does HPV cause cancer?
E6 protein produced by HPV16 binds to & inactivates p53 protein. Leads to dysregulation of cell cycle and apoptotic pathways & subsequent malig transformation of epithelial infected cells. Associated with cervical and anal cancers.
How do retroviruses cause cancer?
Integrate into cellular genome, cause abnormal over expression of onco genes.
Which cancers are associated with H.Pylori?
Mucosal associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) cancers
What does this staging mean: TX NX M1
Primary tumour can’t be assessed, regional LN can’t be assessed, distant mets
What does Tis stand for?
Carcinoma in situ
What does T3, N2, M0 mean?
Primary tumour at level 3, level 2 lymph node involvement, no distant mets
What does GX stand for?
Grade or differentiation cannot be assessed
What does G3 stand for?
Poorly differentiated, bizarre cells
Which cancers is CT usually used for when staging?
Chest and abdo malignancies
Which cancers is MRI usually used for when staging?
bone and soft tissue lesions. Also: regions where bone causes artifact on CT scans e.g. pelvis or posterior fossa of the brain.
How is stable disease (SD), defined under the RECIST system when imaging cancers?
<20% increase in size or less than 30% decrease in size
Name the main radioactive form of glucose used in PET scans?
FDG-18
Please define specificity in relation to tumour markers.
If there are 100 people WITHOUT the disease, and the test gives 10 people false positives and 90 people negatives then the specificity if 0.90
Is thyroglobulin a hormone, immunoglobulin or an enzyme?
It is a hormone
What are HCG and α feto protein (αFP)?
Oncofetal proteins
CEA is a tumour marker. Apart from colorectal cancer, what else can cause it to be raised?
Smokers, , IBD, hepatits, pancreatitis, gastritis
CA125 is not just specific to ovarian cancers, which other cancers can cause it to be raised?
Pancreatic, lung, colorectal and breast.
Which cancer is alpha fetoprotein raised in? What does it indicate about the prognosis?
Hepatocellular carcinoma. Poor prognosis in malignancy.
Apart from prostate cancer, what else can cause a raised PSA?
Benign hypertrophy of the prostate (in most men as they age), rectal exam, prostatitis and UTI.
