CCC chapters 1-5

Question 1

Which causative agent has been linked to Burkitt’s lymphoma?

Answer 1

EBV

Question 2

Which cancer are aromatic amines associated with?

Answer 2

Bladder

Question 3

Which cancer is benzine associated with?

Answer 3

Leukaemia

Question 4

Which cancer is wood dust associated with?

Answer 4

nasal adenocarcinoma

Question 5

Which cancer is vinyl chloride associated with?

Answer 5

angiosarcomas

Question 6

How to toposiomerase inhibitors lead to an increased risk of acute leukaemia?

Answer 6

Induces characteristic transloactions.

Question 7

How does HPV cause cancer?

Answer 7

E6 protein produced by HPV16 binds to & inactivates p53 protein. Leads to dysregulation of cell cycle and apoptotic pathways & subsequent malig transformation of epithelial infected cells. Associated with cervical and anal cancers.

Question 8

How do retroviruses cause cancer?

Answer 8

Integrate into cellular genome, cause abnormal over expression of onco genes.

Question 9

Which cancers are associated with H.Pylori?

Answer 9

Mucosal associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) cancers

Question 10

What does this staging mean: TX NX M1

Answer 10

Primary tumour can’t be assessed, regional LN can’t be assessed, distant mets

Question 11

What does Tis stand for?

Answer 11

Carcinoma in situ

Question 12

What does T3, N2, M0 mean?

Answer 12

Primary tumour at level 3, level 2 lymph node involvement, no distant mets

Question 13

What does GX stand for?

Answer 13

Grade or differentiation cannot be assessed

Question 14

What does G3 stand for?

Answer 14

Poorly differentiated, bizarre cells

Question 15

Which cancers is CT usually used for when staging?

Answer 15

Chest and abdo malignancies

Question 16

Which cancers is MRI usually used for when staging?

Answer 16

bone and soft tissue lesions. Also: regions where bone causes artifact on CT scans e.g. pelvis or posterior fossa of the brain.

Question 17

How is stable disease (SD), defined under the RECIST system when imaging cancers?

Answer 17

<20% increase in size or less than 30% decrease in size

Question 18

Name the main radioactive form of glucose used in PET scans?

Answer 18

FDG-18

Question 19

Please define specificity in relation to tumour markers.

Answer 19

If there are 100 people WITHOUT the disease, and the test gives 10 people false positives and 90 people negatives then the specificity if 0.90

Question 20

Is thyroglobulin a hormone, immunoglobulin or an enzyme?

Answer 20

It is a hormone

Question 21

What are HCG and α feto protein (αFP)?

Answer 21

Oncofetal proteins

Question 22

CEA is a tumour marker. Apart from colorectal cancer, what else can cause it to be raised?

Answer 22

Smokers, , IBD, hepatits, pancreatitis, gastritis

Question 23

CA125 is not just specific to ovarian cancers, which other cancers can cause it to be raised?

Answer 23

Pancreatic, lung, colorectal and breast.

Question 24

Which cancer is alpha fetoprotein raised in? What does it indicate about the prognosis?

Answer 24

Hepatocellular carcinoma. Poor prognosis in malignancy.

Question 25

Apart from prostate cancer, what else can cause a raised PSA?

Answer 25

Benign hypertrophy of the prostate (in most men as they age), rectal exam, prostatitis and UTI.