CC- RESPONSES TO CC Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the IPCC?

A

-intergovernmental panel of climate change
-Created in 1988 by the UN environmental program (UNEP) and the world meteorological organisation (WMO)

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2
Q

what was the IPCC’s mission to provide?

A

-Objective, science based reports on climate change and its impacts
-Understanding of risk associated with human induced climate change
-Options for mitigation and adaption
-since 1988, five reports have been published with increasingly strong evidence that its due to human activity

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3
Q

five examples of international directives

A

-Kyoto protocol (1997 to 2012)
-Paris agreement, 2015
-Rio earth summit, 1992
-EU climate directive
-Carbon trading and carbon credits

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4
Q

outline of the Kyoto protocol

A

-First legally binding international agreement for 37 industrialised countries
-Set a target of 5% reduction in carbon emissions by 2012 relative to 1990
-The EU achieved a 6% reduction compared to business as usual

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5
Q

positives of the Kyoto protocol

A

-Signed by over 100 countries in 1997
-6% reduction achieved versus business as usual

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6
Q

negative of Kyoto protocol

A

-Delays in national legislation meant protocol, didn’t start until February 2005
-Not ratified by US USA, China, Russia and India, who are the largest carbon emittors
-Russia joined in 2007

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7
Q

outline of the paris agreement 2015

A

-195 countries adopted a new, legally binding climate deal to limit global warming to 2° C. By the end of the century.

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8
Q

negatives of the paris agreement 2015

A

-non-punitive
-Is USA in or out?
-Insufficient awareness of carbon cycle
-Exclusion of international transport

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9
Q

outline of the Rio Earth summit, 1992

A

-UN framework convention on climate change (UNFCC) aimed to stabilise greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere at a level that would prevent dangerous human interface with climate change

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10
Q

downside to Rio earth summit

A

No legally binding targets so little action

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11
Q

positives of the Rio Earth summit

A

Information to consider how they could cooperate to achieve objectives
-Gives financial support for LIDCS and EDCs

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12
Q

what is the outcome of the EU climate directive?

A

-Due to the renewals directive, the UK has increased its renewable energy output by 90% between 2007 and 2011
-EU carbon trading scheme is widely successful in reducing emissions and increasing fuel efficiency

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13
Q

Downside to the EU climate directives

A

emissions targets have lacked ambition
-20% reduction by 2020 was achieved in 2011
-not sufficient action

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14
Q

What does the EU emissions trading scheme affect

A

11,000 power stations and industrial plants as well as aviation operations
-Doesn’t include agriculture or transport, but 50% of emitters are covered

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15
Q

what does the cap and trade scheme do?

A

Sets a cap on a missions which is converted to tradable allowances
-The number of allowances each year are reduced
-They’ve achieved reductions and carbon emissions, but has been criticised for issuing too many credits and not imposing sanctions in its early stages

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16
Q

what is an example of a national policy

A

Denmark

17
Q

what happened in 2019 in Denmark

A

In December 2019 Denmark Parliament created a new climate law
-70% reduction of emissions by 2030, compared to 1990
-By 2020 they reached 35% reduction

18
Q

how do laws target carbon neutrality by 2050

A

-decrease FF by carbon taxes and tax exemption for hydrogen cell and electric cars
-cheaper public transport
-Railway electrification
-Promotion of cycling

19
Q

Denmark’s adaption strategies

A

-Copenhagen adaption strategy of 2011
— aims to create climate proof neighbourhoods by improving drainage systems
-Storm barriers and Dykes are raised along vulnerable shorelines
-To decrease heat island, effect, more areas of open water, vegetation and shade and improved air circulation
-Pumping water, sandbagging and disaster management plants to provide emergency relief

20
Q

two examples of subnational policies

A

-California
-Greater London authority act 2007

21
Q

outline of California’s sub National policy

A

-World leader in implementing mitigation and adaption
-2006 global warming solutions act reduce emissions by 80% below 1990 levels by 2050
-to reach 40% by 2030 They mitigate and adapt.

22
Q

what is a California’s mitigation strategies?

A

-FF generated electricity- retirement of fossil fuel burning power stations- 60% of electricity currently from gas
-CAP-AND-TRADE-(2013)- covers 85% of carbon emitters in the state-5% decline in caps per year
-VEHICLE EMISSIONS- 15% electric cars by 2020 and a 50% reduction in petrol use
-RENEWABLES-50% electricity by renewables by 2030 using subsidies - 1940 MW of new solar energy installed between 2012 and 2015

23
Q

what are californias adaption strategies?

A

-CC adaption strategy 2009
— 1000 actions and 76 policies across 11 sectors
-Increase water management
-Avoid new development in vulnerable areas against flooding wildfires and erosion
-Safeguard areas of economic, social and cultural value
-Protect aquatic habitat and ecosystems
-2900 ft of dune restoration along Pacific Coast Highway
-230,000 ft.², of asphalt and concrete in Santa Barbara replaced with permeable services

24
Q

outline of the London authority act

A

-London produces 8.4% of the U.K.’s emissions
-it targets a reduction by 60% by 2025
-However, it’s only one city and there’s a lack of awareness but is successful in cutting emissions

25
Q

what is the 2011 action plan do in London?

A

-Fitted new energy, efficient equipment in older housing to the same standard as those newly built houses