cc, operant and observational Flashcards
classical conditoning
A simple form of learning which occurs through repeated association of two (or more) different stimuli.
passive, involuntary, unconscious
pavlos dog
3 phase model of cc
- Before conditioning: ns produces no response
Ucs naturally evokes a ucr - During conditioning:
Ns is repeatedly paired with the ucs- ucr happens, as ucr is present - After conditioning: cs produces the cr
Neutral Stimulus (NS)
the name given to the conditioned stimulus before it becomes conditioned. INTITALLY PRODUCES NO RESPONSE. (E.G bell)
unconditioned stimulus
Any stimulus that consistently produces a particular response. UCS = FOOD
Unconditioned Response (UCR)
A response which occurs automatically when the Unconditioned Stimulus is presented.
UCR = SALIVATION TO FOOD
Conditioned Stimulus (CS)
The stimulus which is neutral at the start of the conditioning. It wouldn’t normally produce the Unconditioned Response (UCR), but does produce a response eventually because of its association with the Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS).
CS = BELL
Conditioned Response (CR)
The behaviour which is identical to the UCR but is caused by the CS after conditioning.
CR = SALIVATION IN RESPONSE TO THE BELL
extinction
when the ucs is no longer presented along with the cs
Eventually cs becomes meaningless
The cc no longer works and is therefore ceased from the individual who was conditioned
Stimulus Discrimination/Generalisation
Generalisation is often for another stimulus that is similar to the original stimulus to create a response similar, not identical, to cr.
Individual effected by cc will only respond to the cs and no other similar stimulus
operant learning
is a learning process where the consequences of the behaviour will determine the likelihood that it will be performed again in the future.
-active learning process
Explains how environmental stimuli cause voluntary responses rather than
involuntary responses (CC)
proposes that we are more likely to reproduce behaviours that have been associated with pleasant or rewarding consequences and less likely to reproduce behaviours that have been associated with an unpleasant consequences.
three phase model (abc) operant learning
-Antecedent
Any stimulus that precedes a behaviour
-Behavior
the voluntary response that is displayed after the antecedent
-Consequences
The outcome that immediately follows after a behaviour and affects the likelihood of its reoccurrence
reinforcement and punishment
Rewarding consequences strengthen behaviour through reinforcement
Unpleasant consequences weaken behaviour through punishment.
postitive and negative punishment and reinforcement
Positive reinforcement: add a pleasant stimulus to a increase behaviour.
+ +
Negative reinforcement: remove aversive stimulus to increase behaviour
- -
Positive punishment:
Add aversive stimuli to decrease behaviour.
+ -
Negative punishment:
Remove pleasant stimuli to decrease behaviour
- +
Observational Learning
The acquisition of information, skills, or behaviour through watching others either directly or indirectly
(modelling, social learning or vicarious learning)
A model is the person who is being observed may be living or symbolic.
Bobo doll experiment: investigated how children learn aggressive behaviours through observing the behaviours of role models
Elements of Observational Learning
Attention: “actively focusing” on the behaviour
Retention: “mental representation” of the behaviour being learned.
Reproduction: “physical and mental capabilities” of being able to mimic the behaviour.
Motivation: “desire” to do the behaviour
Reinforcement: intrinsic: wanting to perform behaviour for themselves.
Extrinsic: the action will be reinforced by reward or punishment
Vicarious: indirectly observing the model perform the beavhiour being reinforced
