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CLINICAL CHEMISTRY > CC LEC - LESSON 5 - ANALYTIC TECHNIQUES > Flashcards

CC LEC - LESSON 5 - ANALYTIC TECHNIQUES Flashcards

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1
Q

transmitted via electromagnetic waves that are characterized by their frequency and wavelength

A

energy

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2
Q

energy is characterized by their (2)

A

frequency and wavelength

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3
Q

this measure instruments without consideration of wavelength

A

photometric instrument

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4
Q

radiant energy that passes through an object will be partially _____, _____ and ______.

A

reflected, absorbed and transmitted

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5
Q

this refers to the distance between two successive peaks

A

wavelength

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6
Q

wavelength is expressed in

A

nanometer (nm)

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7
Q

this is described as the photons of energy travelling in waves

A

electromagnetic waves

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8
Q

the relationship of wavelength and energy is described by what

A

planck’s formula

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9
Q

what is planck’s formula

A

E = hv

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10
Q

in the formula E = hv, h refers to what

A

planck’s constant and is equivalent to 6.62 x 10 ^ -27 erg sec

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11
Q

in the formula E = hv, v refers to what

A

frequency

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12
Q

state the relationship between wavelength and energy

A

frequency is inversely proportional to the wavelength, therefore energy of electromagnetic radiation is inversely proportional to wavelength.

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13
Q

where are short wavelength and highly energetic radiation waves situated in the spectrum

A

left

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14
Q

where are long wavelength radiofrequencies situated in the spectrum

A

right

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15
Q

where are visible light situated in the spectrum

A

in between

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16
Q

what can be concluded with the planck’s formula in regards with the frequency and wavelength of electromagnetic radiation

A

the greater the frequency the shorter the wavelength and vice versa.

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17
Q

a method of clinical analysis based on the comparisons of colors produced by an unknown and a standard solution when reacted with similar chemical reagents.

A

colorimetry

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18
Q

two primary consideration in colorimetric analysis

A

quantity of color and intensity of color

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19
Q

this form of colorimetry involves the comparison of an unknown solution with a series of colored standard solutions using the naked eye. the unknown then, is diluted until its color matches the standard.

A

visual colorimetry

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20
Q

this form of colorimetry refers to measurement is done by an instrument which measures light intensity by converting light energy to electric energy.

A

photoelectric colorimetry

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21
Q

this is the isolation of discreet portions of the spectrum for the purposes of measurement.

A

photoelectric colorimetry

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22
Q

principle of photoelectric colorimetry

A

selected light passing through a solution to a greater or lesser extent strikes a photocell or phototube which generates current registered by a galvanometer.

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23
Q

types of photoelectric colorimeter (2)

A

filter photometer and spectrophotometer

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24
Q

the selection of wavelength of color of this type of photoelectric colorimeter is accomplished by placing a colored glass filter in the path of the light beam

A

filter photometer

25
Q

other name of filter photometer

A

abridged spectrophotometer

26
Q

this type of of photoelectric colorimeter involves measurement of of the light transmitted by a solution to determine the concentration of the light absorbing substances in the solution.

A

spectrophotometer

27
Q

two type of spectrophotometer

A

single bean and double beam

28
Q

simplest type of absorption of spectrometer

A

single beam

29
Q

it is designed to make one measurement at a time at one specified wavelength.

A

single beam

30
Q

an instrument that splits the monochromatic light into two components - one beam passes through the sample and the other through a reference solution or bank.

A

double beam

31
Q

this uses two photodetectors for the sample beam and reference beam

A

double beam in space

32
Q

uses one photodetector and alternatively passes the monochromatic light through the sample cuvet and then a reference cuvet using a chopper or rotating sector mirror.

A

double beam in time

33
Q

the absorbance reading from the sample must be blanked using an appropriate reference solution that does not contain the compound of interest.

A

single beam

34
Q

permit automatic correction of sample and reference absorbence. these are necessary when the absorption spectrum for sample is obtained.

A

double beam

35
Q

basic components of spectrophotometer (7)

A
  1. light source
  2. entrance slit
  3. monochromator
  4. exit slit
  5. sample cell / cuvet
  6. photodetector
  7. meter or read our device
36
Q

provides polychromatic light and must generate sufficient radiant energy or power to measure the analyte of interest.

A

light / radiant source

37
Q

form of radiant energy provided by the light source that may pass through the monochromator.

A

visible and non visible light

38
Q

two type of light source

A

continuum and line source

39
Q

this emits radiation that changes in intensity

A

continuum source

40
Q

types of continuum source

A

tungsten lamp, deuterium lamp and xenon lamp

41
Q

this type of continuum source is commonly used as light source in the visible and near infrared region.

A

tungsten lamp

42
Q

this type of continuum source that provides UV radiation in analytic spectrometers

A

deuterium lamp

43
Q

this type of continuum source covers both UV and visible region

A

xenon lamp

44
Q

this emits limited radiation and wavelength

A

line source

45
Q

types of line source (3)

A

mercury and sodium vapor, hollow cathode lamp (atomic absorption spectroscopy) and laser

46
Q

alternatives for tungsten lamp (6)

A
  1. mercury arc
  2. deuterium lamp
  3. hydrogen lamp
  4. xenon lamp
  5. merst glower
  6. globar
47
Q

factors for light source

A
  1. range
  2. spectral distribution within the range
  3. source of radiant production
  4. stability of radiant energy
  5. temperature
48
Q

minimizes unwanted or stray light and prevents the entrance of scattered light into the monochromator system

A

entrance slit

49
Q

this refers to any wavelengths outside the band transmitted by the monochromator, it does not originate from the poly chromatic light source

A

stray light

50
Q

stray light causes what

A

absorbance error

51
Q

a system for isolating radiant energy of a desired wavelength and excluding that of either wavelength

A

monochromator

52
Q

types of monochromator

A
  1. prisms
  2. diffraction grafting
  3. filters
  4. holographic graftings
53
Q

this is a wedge shaped piece of glass or quartz which separates white light into continuous spectrum

A

prism

54
Q

made by cutting grooves or slits into an aluminized surface of a flat piece of crown glass - wavelength are bent as they pass a sharp corner.

A

diffraction grafting

55
Q

least expensive, not precise but useful type of monochromator

A

filters

56
Q

controls the width of the light beam

A

exit slit

57
Q

allows only a narrow fraction of the spectrum to reach the sample cuvette

A

exit slit

58
Q

the total range of wavelengths transmitted

A

bandpass

CLINICAL CHEMISTRY (1 decks)

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