CC Lec

Question 1

migration of charged particles in some medium (either liquid or solid) when an electrical field is applied

Answer 1

Electrophoresis

Question 2

depending on the charge of molecules,______ particles migrate toward the positive electrode (____), and _____ particles migrate toward the __________(cathode).

Answer 2

Depending on the charge of the molecules, negatively charged
particles migrate toward the
positive electrode (anode), and
positively charged particles migrate toward the negative electrode (cathode).

Question 3

migration rate depends on:

Answer 3

1. Charge of the molecule
2. Size of the molecule
3. Electrical field
4. Ionic strength of buffer
5. pH of buffer
6. Viscosity of supporting medium
7. System temperature

Question 4

it is directly proportional to rate of movement

Answer 4

charge of the molecule

Question 5

inversely proportional to rate of movement

Answer 5

size of the molecule

Question 6

increased current increases migration rate

Answer 6

electrical field

Question 7

increased ionic strength decreases migration rate

Answer 7

ionic strength of buffer

Question 8

decreased pH slows migration

Answer 8

pH of buffer

Question 9

inversely proportional to migration

Answer 9

viscosity of supporting medium

Question 10

high temperature can denature protein and slow migration

Answer 10

System temperature

Question 11

it includes protein electrophoresis and isoenzyme electrophoresis

Answer 11

Analytic electrophoretic procedures

Question 12

Analytic electrophoretic procedures include ______ and __________

Answer 12

protein electrophoresis and isoenzyme electrophoresis

Question 13

principle of protein electrophoresis

Answer 13

a) Proteins are amphoteric
b) The isoelectric point of protein is the pH at which a protein has no net charge.
c) At pH 8.6, proteins are negatively charged and migrate toward the anode
d) If the buffer pH is higher than the isoelectric point of pro in, the protein carries a negative charge and migrates toward the anode.

Question 14

in what pH that proteins are negatively charged and migrate toward the anode

Answer 14

at pH 8.6

Question 15

what do you call when proteins can have positive or negative charge because of their acidic and basic side chains

Answer 15

Amphoteric

Question 16

the pH at which a protein has no net charge

Answer 16

Isoelectric point of protein

Question 17

If the buffer pH is _____than the isoelectric point of pro in, the protein carries a ______ and migrates toward the _______.

Answer 17

If the buffer pH is higher than the isoelectric point of pro in, the protein carries a negative charge and migrates toward the anode.

Question 18

methodology of electrophoresis

Answer 18

a) A support medium (agarose gel or cellulose acetate) is put in contact with the buffer.
b) A sample is applied to the medium.
c) A constant current or voltage is applied, and particles are allowed to migrate and separate.
d) The support is fixed and stained to visualize protein bands

Question 19

what is put in contact with the buffer?

Answer 19

agarose gel or cellulose acetate

Question 20

performed to visualize the isoenzymes of some clinically relevant isoenzymes

Answer 20

Isoenzyme electrophoresis

Question 21

its principle is the similar to that of protein electrophoresis

Answer 21

isoenzyme electrophoresis

Question 22

the isoenzyme electrophoresis is performed at what pH? and where do negatively charged particles migrate?

Answer 22

at pH 8.6 and most negatively charged particles migrate toward the anode

Question 23

represents the largest protein component of human serum

Answer 23

albumin band

Question 24

comprised of alpha 1-antitrypsin, thyroid-binding globulin, and transcortin

Answer 24

alpha 1-protein fraction

Question 25

after moving toward the negative portion of the gel, the next peak involves?

Answer 25

alpha 1 and alpha 2 components

Question 26

it contributes to the alpha 2-protein band

Answer 26

ceruloplasmin, alpha2-macroglobulin, and haptoglobin

Question 27

it has 2 peaks labeled beta1 and beta2

Answer 27

beta fraction

Question 28

composed mostly of transferrin

Answer 28

Beta 1

Question 29

contains beta-lipoprotein

Answer 29

Beta 2

Question 30

immunoglobulins that can be identified in the beta fraction

Answer 30

IgA, IgM and sometimes IgG , along with complement proteins

Question 31

it is much of clinical interest because immunoglobulins migrate to this region

Answer 31

gamma region of the serum protein spectrum

Question 32

located in the area between the beta and gamma components

Answer 32

C-reactive protein (CRP)

Question 33

A condition when liver function is sufficiently diminished, protein synthesizing capacity is compromised and concentrations of ____ and _____ in the _____and ______bands are ______.

Answer 33

Cirrhosis is when liver function is sufficiently diminished, protein synthesizing capacity is compromised and concentrations of albumin and proteins in the alpha and beta bands are decreased.

Question 34

massive protein loss is due to

Answer 34

increased permeability of glomeruli to protein

Question 35

renal disease involving the glomeruli is always associated with

Answer 35

increased urinary protein loss

Question 36

when is protein synthesizing capacity of the liver exceeds

Answer 36

when protein loss is greater than 3-4 g/day

Question 37

a genetic defect causes a deficiency of alpha-1-antitrypsin

Answer 37

alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency

Question 38

results in a propensity to develop emphysema

Answer 38

antiprotease deficiency

Question 39

major component of the alpha 1 band

Answer 39

alpha 1 antitrypsin

Question 40

seen as a broad-based peak in the B and/or y region. some common caused include various chronic inflammatory diseases

Answer 40

Polyclonal gammopathy

Question 41

what is demonstrated by the increased polyclonal gamma band?

Answer 41

immunoglobulin synthesis by antigen activated B lymphocytes transformed to plasma cells

Question 42

monoclonal gammopathy

Question 43

a chemical assay based on the highly specific and tight, non-covalent binding of antibodies to target molecules (antigens)

Answer 43

immunoassay

Question 44

useful when the endogenous concentration of an analyte is very low

Answer 44

immunoassay

Question 45

components in the immunoassay system

Answer 45

antigens and antibodies

Question 46

substance that can elicit an immune response (production of an antibody) when injected into an animal

Answer 46

antigen

Question 47

analyte of interest

Answer 47

antigen

Question 48

formed in response to a foreign substance

Answer 48

antibody

Question 49

most important component in immunoassay component since it determines the sensitivity and specificity procedure

Answer 49

antibody

Question 50

ability to detect small amounts

Answer 50

sensitivity

Question 51

the degree of uniqueness of the ag-ab reaction

Answer 51

specificity

Question 52

why is immunochemical labels are necessary?

Answer 52

to detect the antigen-antibody reaction

Question 53

attached to the antibody

Answer 53

enzyme labels

Question 54

addition of this allows the immunoassay results to be quantitated colorimetrically

Answer 54

Chromagen

Question 55

attached to the antibody and are detected when a photon is released from a fluorescent molecule that is excited from its ground state to a higher state and then returns to the ground state

Answer 55

fluorescent labels

Question 56

its drawback lies with the autofluorescence of serum

Answer 56

fluorescent labels

Question 57

compounds that undergo a chemical reaction and form an unstable derivative

Answer 57

chemiluminescent labels

Question 58

Chemiluminiscent labels: upon return to the _______, they release in the form of ________

Answer 58

upon return to the ground state, they release energy in the form of visible light

Question 59

light is measured by a?

Answer 59

luminometer

Question 60

related directly to the concentration of the reactants

Answer 60

light intensity

Question 61

compounds that have the same atomic number but different in weights than the parent nuclide (0.8., 1951, 1C). Radioisotopes decay to form a more stable isotope. In the process, they emit energy in the form of radiation (electromagnetic gamma rays) that can be detected and quantitated

Answer 61

radioisotope labels

Question 62

based on the label attached to the antigen or antibody

Answer 62

immunoassay methodologies

Question 63

immunoassay methodologies is based on

Answer 63

the label attached to the antigen or antibody

Question 64

Methods of Immunoassay: for hormone testing

Answer 64

ELISA

Question 65

Methods of Immunoassay: for drug monitoring

Answer 65

Enzyme-multiplied immunoassay technique (EIA,EMIT)

Question 66

Methods of Immunoassay: for hormone testing, surfactant, albumin ratio

Answer 66

Fluorescence polarized immunoassay (FPIA)

Question 67

Methods of Immunoassay: for cathecholamine testing

Answer 67

Fluorescent immunoassay (FIA)

Question 68

Methods of Immunoassay: labeled antigen for hormone testing and drug monitoring

Answer 68

Radioimmunoassay (RIA)

Question 69

Methods of Immunoassay: labeled antibody for hormone testing and drug monitoring

Answer 69

Immunoradiometric assay (IRMA)

Question 70

LD isoenzyme 1

Answer 70

16-32% of total

Question 71

LD isoenzyme 2

Answer 71

29-42% of total

Question 72

LD isoenzyme 3

Answer 72

17-27% of total

Question 73

LD isoenzyme 4

Answer 73

6-13% of total

Question 74

LD isoenzyme 5

Answer 74

3-17% of total

Question 75

alkaline electrophoresis in order of increasing mobility

Answer 75

hemoglobins A2, E=0=C, G=D=S=Lepore, F, A, K, J, Bart's, N, I, and H.

Question 76

performed on abnormal hemoglobins migrating in the S location to see if the red cells precipitate in solution

Answer 76

Sickling test (sodium bisulfite)

Question 77

acid electrophoresis in order of increasing mobility

Answer 77

hemoglobins F, A=D=G=E=O=Lepore, S, and C

Question 78

Hgb G-Philadelphia will migrate with _________ and would migrate with A _________, respectively

Answer 78

Hgb G-Philadelphia would migrate with Son alkaline electrophoresis and would migrate with A on acid electrophoresis, respectively.

Question 79

two methods in migration patterns (Acid electrophoresis)

Answer 79

Plotting data and Recognizing Bias in Graphs

Question 80

“______is used to express numerically the degree of __________",_______ being "the __________" or "average deviation” between the average value obtained from a large series of measurements and the true value"

Answer 80

“Bias is used to express numerically the degree of trueness", trueness being "the closeness of agreement" or "average deviation” between the average value obtained from a large series of measurements and the true value"

Question 81

relates to how closely a single measurement agrees with the true value

Answer 81

Inaccuracy

Question 82

how an average of a series of measurements agrees with the true value

Answer 82

Bias

Question 83

contributes to the lack of agreement

Answer 83

First case: imprecision

Question 84

imprecision is minimized (ideally removed entirely) by use of an average.

Answer 84

Second case: imprecision

Question 85

in Analytical chemistry, it is a systematic error occurring in a chemical measurement that is inherent in the method itself or caused by some artifact in the system, such as a temperature effect.

Answer 85

Bias

Question 86

can distinguish competitive, non-competitive, and uncompetitive inhibitors

Answer 86

Lineweaver-Burk plot

Question 87

have the same y-intercept as uninhibited enzyme (since Vmax is unaffected by competitive inhibitors the inverse of Vmax also doesn't change) but there are different slopes and x intercepts between the two data sets.

Answer 87

Competitive inhibitors

Question 88

produces plots with the same x-intercept as uninhibited enzyme (Km is unaffected) but different slopes and y intercepts

Answer 88

Non-competitive inhibition

Question 89

causes different intercepts on both the y- and x-axes but the same slope

Answer 89

Uncompetitive inhibition