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CC Lec Flashcards

Special Chemistry

1
Q

migration of charged particles in some medium (either liquid or solid) when an electrical field is applied

A

Electrophoresis

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2
Q

depending on the charge of molecules,______ particles migrate toward the positive electrode (____), and _____ particles migrate toward the __________(cathode).

A

Depending on the charge of the molecules, negatively charged
particles migrate toward the
positive electrode (anode), and
positively charged particles migrate toward the negative electrode (cathode).

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3
Q

migration rate depends on:

A
  1. Charge of the molecule
  2. Size of the molecule
  3. Electrical field
  4. Ionic strength of buffer
  5. pH of buffer
  6. Viscosity of supporting medium
  7. System temperature
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4
Q

it is directly proportional to rate of movement

A

charge of the molecule

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5
Q

inversely proportional to rate of movement

A

size of the molecule

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6
Q

increased current increases migration rate

A

electrical field

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7
Q

increased ionic strength decreases migration rate

A

ionic strength of buffer

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8
Q

decreased pH slows migration

A

pH of buffer

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9
Q

inversely proportional to migration

A

viscosity of supporting medium

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10
Q

high temperature can denature protein and slow migration

A

System temperature

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11
Q

it includes protein electrophoresis and isoenzyme electrophoresis

A

Analytic electrophoretic procedures

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12
Q

Analytic electrophoretic procedures include ______ and __________

A

protein electrophoresis and isoenzyme electrophoresis

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13
Q

principle of protein electrophoresis

A

a) Proteins are amphoteric
b) The isoelectric point of protein is the pH at which a protein has no net charge.
c) At pH 8.6, proteins are negatively charged and migrate toward the anode
d) If the buffer pH is higher than the isoelectric point of pro in, the protein carries a negative charge and migrates toward the anode.

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14
Q

in what pH that proteins are negatively charged and migrate toward the anode

A

at pH 8.6

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15
Q

what do you call when proteins can have positive or negative charge because of their acidic and basic side chains

A

Amphoteric

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16
Q

the pH at which a protein has no net charge

A

Isoelectric point of protein

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17
Q

If the buffer pH is _____than the isoelectric point of pro in, the protein carries a ______ and migrates toward the _______.

A

If the buffer pH is higher than the isoelectric point of pro in, the protein carries a negative charge and migrates toward the anode.

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18
Q

methodology of electrophoresis

A

a) A support medium (agarose gel or cellulose acetate) is put in contact with the buffer.
b) A sample is applied to the medium.
c) A constant current or voltage is applied, and particles are allowed to migrate and separate.
d) The support is fixed and stained to visualize protein bands

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19
Q

what is put in contact with the buffer?

A

agarose gel or cellulose acetate

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20
Q

performed to visualize the isoenzymes of some clinically relevant isoenzymes

A

Isoenzyme electrophoresis

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21
Q

its principle is the similar to that of protein electrophoresis

A

isoenzyme electrophoresis

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22
Q

the isoenzyme electrophoresis is performed at what pH? and where do negatively charged particles migrate?

A

at pH 8.6 and most negatively charged particles migrate toward the anode

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23
Q

represents the largest protein component of human serum

A

albumin band

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24
Q

comprised of alpha 1-antitrypsin, thyroid-binding globulin, and transcortin

A

alpha 1-protein fraction

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25
Q

after moving toward the negative portion of the gel, the next peak involves?

A

alpha 1 and alpha 2 components

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26
Q

it contributes to the alpha 2-protein band

A

ceruloplasmin, alpha2-macroglobulin, and haptoglobin

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27
Q

it has 2 peaks labeled beta1 and beta2

A

beta fraction

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28
Q

composed mostly of transferrin

A

Beta 1

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29
Q

contains beta-lipoprotein

A

Beta 2

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30
Q

immunoglobulins that can be identified in the beta fraction

A

IgA, IgM and sometimes IgG , along with complement proteins

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31
Q

it is much of clinical interest because immunoglobulins migrate to this region

A

gamma region of the serum protein spectrum

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32
Q

located in the area between the beta and gamma components

A

C-reactive protein (CRP)

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33
Q

A condition when liver function is sufficiently diminished, protein synthesizing capacity is compromised and concentrations of ____ and _____ in the _____and ______bands are ______.

A

Cirrhosis is when liver function is sufficiently diminished, protein synthesizing capacity is compromised and concentrations of albumin and proteins in the alpha and beta bands are decreased.

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34
Q

massive protein loss is due to

A

increased permeability of glomeruli to protein

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35
Q

renal disease involving the glomeruli is always associated with

A

increased urinary protein loss

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36
Q

when is protein synthesizing capacity of the liver exceeds

A

when protein loss is greater than 3-4 g/day

37
Q

a genetic defect causes a deficiency of alpha-1-antitrypsin

A

alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency

38
Q

results in a propensity to develop emphysema

A

antiprotease deficiency

39
Q

major component of the alpha 1 band

A

alpha 1 antitrypsin

40
Q

seen as a broad-based peak in the B and/or y region. some common caused include various chronic inflammatory diseases

A

Polyclonal gammopathy

41
Q

what is demonstrated by the increased polyclonal gamma band?

A

immunoglobulin synthesis by antigen activated B lymphocytes transformed to plasma cells

42
Q

monoclonal gammopathy

A
43
Q

a chemical assay based on the highly specific and tight, non-covalent binding of antibodies to target molecules (antigens)

A

immunoassay

44
Q

useful when the endogenous concentration of an analyte is very low

A

immunoassay

45
Q

components in the immunoassay system

A

antigens and antibodies

46
Q

substance that can elicit an immune response (production of an antibody) when injected into an animal

A

antigen

47
Q

analyte of interest

A

antigen

48
Q

formed in response to a foreign substance

A

antibody

49
Q

most important component in immunoassay component since it determines the sensitivity and specificity procedure

A

antibody

50
Q

ability to detect small amounts

A

sensitivity

51
Q

the degree of uniqueness of the ag-ab reaction

A

specificity

52
Q

why is immunochemical labels are necessary?

A

to detect the antigen-antibody reaction

53
Q

attached to the antibody

A

enzyme labels

54
Q

addition of this allows the immunoassay results to be quantitated colorimetrically

A

Chromagen

55
Q

attached to the antibody and are detected when a photon is released from a fluorescent molecule that is excited from its ground state to a higher state and then returns to the ground state

A

fluorescent labels

56
Q

its drawback lies with the autofluorescence of serum

A

fluorescent labels

57
Q

compounds that undergo a chemical reaction and form an unstable derivative

A

chemiluminescent labels

58
Q

Chemiluminiscent labels: upon return to the _______, they release in the form of ________

A

upon return to the ground state, they release energy in the form of visible light

59
Q

light is measured by a?

A

luminometer

60
Q

related directly to the concentration of the reactants

A

light intensity

61
Q

compounds that have the same atomic number but different in weights than the parent nuclide (0.8., 1951, 1C). Radioisotopes decay to form a more stable isotope. In the process, they emit energy in the form of radiation (electromagnetic gamma rays) that can be detected and quantitated

A

radioisotope labels

62
Q

based on the label attached to the antigen or antibody

A

immunoassay methodologies

63
Q

immunoassay methodologies is based on

A

the label attached to the antigen or antibody

64
Q

Methods of Immunoassay: for hormone testing

A

ELISA

65
Q

Methods of Immunoassay: for drug monitoring

A

Enzyme-multiplied immunoassay technique (EIA,EMIT)

66
Q

Methods of Immunoassay: for hormone testing, surfactant, albumin ratio

A

Fluorescence polarized immunoassay (FPIA)

67
Q

Methods of Immunoassay: for cathecholamine testing

A

Fluorescent immunoassay (FIA)

68
Q

Methods of Immunoassay: labeled antigen for hormone testing and drug monitoring

A

Radioimmunoassay (RIA)

69
Q

Methods of Immunoassay: labeled antibody for hormone testing and drug monitoring

A

Immunoradiometric assay (IRMA)

70
Q

LD isoenzyme 1

A

16-32% of total

71
Q

LD isoenzyme 2

A

29-42% of total

72
Q

LD isoenzyme 3

A

17-27% of total

73
Q

LD isoenzyme 4

A

6-13% of total

74
Q

LD isoenzyme 5

A

3-17% of total

75
Q

alkaline electrophoresis in order of increasing mobility

A

hemoglobins A2, E=0=C, G=D=S=Lepore, F, A, K, J, Bart’s, N, I, and H.

76
Q

performed on abnormal hemoglobins migrating in the S location to see if the red cells precipitate in solution

A

Sickling test (sodium bisulfite)

77
Q

acid electrophoresis in order of increasing mobility

A

hemoglobins F, A=D=G=E=O=Lepore, S, and C

78
Q

Hgb G-Philadelphia will migrate with _________ and would migrate with A _________, respectively

A

Hgb G-Philadelphia would migrate with Son alkaline electrophoresis and would migrate with A on acid electrophoresis, respectively.

79
Q

two methods in migration patterns (Acid electrophoresis)

A

Plotting data and Recognizing Bias in Graphs

80
Q

“______is used to express numerically the degree of __________”,_______ being “the __________” or “average deviation” between the average value obtained from a large series of measurements and the true value”

A

“Bias is used to express numerically the degree of trueness”, trueness being “the closeness of agreement” or “average deviation” between the average value obtained from a large series of measurements and the true value”

81
Q

relates to how closely a single measurement agrees with the true value

A

Inaccuracy

82
Q

how an average of a series of measurements agrees with the true value

A

Bias

83
Q

contributes to the lack of agreement

A

First case: imprecision

84
Q

imprecision is minimized (ideally removed entirely) by use of an average.

A

Second case: imprecision

85
Q

in Analytical chemistry, it is a systematic error occurring in a chemical measurement that is inherent in the method itself or caused by some artifact in the system, such as a temperature effect.

A

Bias

86
Q

can distinguish competitive, non-competitive, and uncompetitive inhibitors

A

Lineweaver-Burk plot

87
Q

have the same y-intercept as uninhibited enzyme (since Vmax is unaffected by competitive inhibitors the inverse of Vmax also doesn’t change) but there are different slopes and x intercepts between the two data sets.

A

Competitive inhibitors

88
Q

produces plots with the same x-intercept as uninhibited enzyme (Km is unaffected) but different slopes and y intercepts

A

Non-competitive inhibition

89
Q

causes different intercepts on both the y- and x-axes but the same slope

A

Uncompetitive inhibition

CC2 (3 decks)

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