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Clinical Chemistry (Dean Rodriguez) > CC > Flashcards

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1
Q

What is a TD volumetric pipet?

A

Precision pipet considered most accurate

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2
Q

What is a blowout pipet?

A

Pipet with etched rings

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3
Q

What is a Mohr pipet?

A

Pipet without lines at the tip

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4
Q

What is the principle of flame photometry?

A

Emission of color when element is burned

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5
Q

Name an element that produces a violet flame in flame photometry.

A

Potassium

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6
Q

Which element produces a yellow flame in flame photometry?

A

Sodium

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7
Q

What is the dilution factor for serum potassium determination by FES?

A

1:200 or 1:100

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8
Q

What are the ingredients of biuret reagents?

A
  • Rochelle salt
  • Alkaline CuSO4
  • NaOH
  • KI
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9
Q

What does a positive biuret reaction indicate?

A

Violet color

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10
Q

What principle does the biuret test measure?

A

Number of peptide bonds

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11
Q

What is Crigler Najar syndrome?

A

Deficiency of UDPGT leading to increased levels of indirect bilirubin

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12
Q

What syndrome is characterized by increased cortisol and glucose?

A

Cushing’s syndrome

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13
Q

What is the recommended site for obtaining arterialized capillary blood?

A

Not the big toe

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14
Q

Which substrates are used in SGPT determination?

A
  • Alanine
  • Alphaketoglutaric acid
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15
Q

What are the products of SGPT determination?

A
  • Glutamate
  • Pyruvate
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16
Q

What is the indicator used in chloride titrimetric determination?

A

Diphenylcarbazone

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17
Q

What is the needle length for venipuncture?

A

1.0 - 1.5 inches

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18
Q

What are the needle gauges typically used for adult venipuncture?

A
  • 19
  • 20
  • 21
  • 22
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19
Q

What is the color of a gauge 21 needle hub?

A

Green

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20
Q

What are the dimensions of a tourniquet?

A

18 - 20 inches length and 1 inch width

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21
Q

Where should a tourniquet be placed?

A

3 - 4 inches away from the puncture site

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22
Q

How long should a tourniquet be applied?

A

One minute

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23
Q

What color appears after the addition of alcohol in total bilirubin measurement?

A

Diazo bilirubin color

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24
Q

What is the Van den Bergh reaction?

A

Use of diazotized sulfanillic acid

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25
Q

What is the significance of serum lipase?

A

Specific marker for acute pancreatitis

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26
Q

What is the Cherry Crandall method used for?

A

Uses olive oil and triolein

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27
Q

What is the site of urea synthesis?

A

Liver

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28
Q

What is the site of urea excretion?

A

Kidney

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29
Q

What cycle converts ammonia to urea?

A

Krebs Henseleit cycle

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30
Q

What is the Caraway method used for?

A

Uric acid test

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31
Q

What is the positive reaction wavelength for the Caraway method?

A

650 to 700 nanometers

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32
Q

What substrate is used in AST determination?

A

Aspartate alpha-ketoglutarate acid

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33
Q

What are the products of AST determination?

A
  • Glutamate
  • Oxaloacetate
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34
Q

Where is AST sourced from?

A
  • Liver
  • Heart
  • Muscle
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35
Q

What is the classic method for AST and ALT?

A

Reitman Frankel

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36
Q

What is the coenzyme or cofactor for AST determination?

A

Pyridoxal phosphate or vitamin B6

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37
Q

What is atomic absorption spectrophotometry used for?

A

Reference method for serum calcium and magnesium

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38
Q

What is the light source for atomic absorption spectrophotometry?

A

Hollow cathode lamp

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39
Q

Which electrolyte has the lowest concentration in normal blood?

A

Magnesium

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40
Q

What is the effect of low chloride levels?

A

Occurs in vomiting, sweating, or diarrhea

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41
Q

What is the significance of alpha fetoprotein?

A

Importance in liver disease

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42
Q

What is the principal involved in the Liebermann Burchard method?

A

Reaction with sulfuric acid and acetic anhydride

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43
Q

What color indicates a positive reaction for cholesterol?

A

Green

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44
Q

What percentage of cholesterol is esterified cholesterol?

A

70%

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45
Q

What is the renal threshold of glucose?

A

160 - 180 milligrams per dL

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46
Q

What is the Conway diffusion cell used for?

A

Measurement of ammonia

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47
Q

What is the clinical significance of ammonia?

A

Reye syndrome or hepatic coma

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48
Q

What anticoagulants are used for ammonia testing?

A
  • Heparin
  • EDTA
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49
Q

What is plasma renin activity important for?

A

Diagnosing hypertension due to angiotensin 2

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50
Q

What is lead useful for screening?

A

Free erythrocyte protoporphyrin levels

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51
Q

What is zero order kinetics?

A

Rate of reaction is constant with time and dependent only on concentration of enzyme

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52
Q

What is the purpose of the third wire in electrical instruments?

A

Grounding

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53
Q

What is the solubility temperature of Bence Jones protein?

A

100 degrees Celsius

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54
Q

What is the preferred method for detecting Bence Jones protein?

A

Immunofixation

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55
Q

What is the significance of oligoclonal bands?

A

Presence indicates multiple sclerosis

56
Q

What is the principle of Benedict’s test?

A

Copper reduction

57
Q

What method measures phosphomolybdenum blue?

A

Folin-Wu method

58
Q

What is the reaction for creatine kinase in the Oliver Rosalki method?

A

Creatine phosphate + ADP > creatine + ATP

59
Q

What does the Jaffe reaction measure?

A

Creatinine measurement

60
Q

What is the effect of hemolysis on serum bilirubin results?

A

Causes erroneously low results

61
Q

What is the Berthelot reaction used for?

A

BUN measurement

62
Q

What color indicates a positive reaction for Berthelot?

A

Indophenol blue

63
Q

What is the significance of GGT?

A

Sensitive marker for hepatobiliary disease and alcoholism

64
Q

What is the method for measuring magnesium using Titan yellow?

A

Titan yellow method

65
Q

What is the effect of calcitonin on calcium and phosphorus metabolism?

A
  • Decreased calcium
  • Increased phosphorus
66
Q

What is the main product of protein metabolism?

67
Q

What are the fat-soluble vitamins?

68
Q

What is the main function of transferrin?

A

Iron transport protein

69
Q

What is the primary structure of proteins?

A

Amino acid sequence of polypeptide chains

70
Q

What is the significance of the isoelectric point?

A

pH at which proteins have a net charge of zero

71
Q

What is the method of separation of proteins without solid support medium?

A

Moving boundary or Frontal electrophoresis

72
Q

What are the standard dyes for protein electrophoresis?

A
  • Ponceau S
  • Bromphenol blue
  • Coomasie brilliant blue
  • Silver stain
  • Amido black
73
Q

What is the reference method for CHON quantification?

A

Kjeldahl-Nessler

74
Q

What does albumin combine with?

A

Hb released by RBCs

75
Q

What is the earliest indicator of inflammation?

76
Q

What are the enzymes markedly elevated in muscular disorders?

A
  • CPK
  • Aldolase
77
Q

What is the chief product of protein metabolism?

78
Q

What are the fat-soluble vitamins?

79
Q

Which enzyme is markedly elevated in muscular disorders?

A

CPK and Aldolase

80
Q

What is the most useful enzyme for diagnosing metastatic prostatic carcinoma?

81
Q

What is the major intracellular cation?

82
Q

What is the end product of purine metabolism?

83
Q

What does glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) monitor?

A

Long term glucose control

84
Q

What is the other name for salivary amylase?

85
Q

What deficiency causes night blindness?

A

Vitamin A (Retinol)

86
Q

Which condition causes decreased blood albumin?

A

Dehydration

87
Q

Which lipoprotein is primarily involved in lipid profile testing?

A

Cholesterol, Triglycerides, Lipoprotein

88
Q

What does icteric serum indicate?

A

Dark yellow serum due to bilirubin presence

89
Q

What neuromotor irritability is caused by low calcium levels?

90
Q

What enzymatic method for cholesterol includes cholesterol esterase and cholesterol oxidase?

A

Enzymatic method for cholesterol

91
Q

Which CK isoenzyme is specific to the heart?

92
Q

What is the marker for colon cancer?

93
Q

What is the more sensitive marker for prostatic carcinoma?

94
Q

What is the main component of the liquid portion of anticoagulated blood?

95
Q

What is the primary anticoagulant to prevent glycolysis?

A

Sodium fluoride

96
Q

What is the conversion factor for glucose determination in SI units?

97
Q

What is the normal range of serum potassium?

A

4.0-5.6 mmol/L

98
Q

What is the normal pH of blood?

99
Q

What is the panic value for glucose?

A

<40 mg/dL and >500 mg/dL

100
Q

What test measures the synthetic function of the liver?

A

Total protein & Prothrombin time

101
Q

What is the conversion factor for cholesterol?

102
Q

What is the hormone that promotes sodium retention?

A

Aldosterone

103
Q

What differentiates type I from type II diabetes?

104
Q

What is the formula for serum osmolality?

A

1.86 × Na + Glu/18 + BUN/2.8

105
Q

What is the end product of the Lieberman-Burchard reaction?

A

Cholestedienyl monosulfonic acid

106
Q

What does the Salkowski reaction produce?

A

Cholestedienyl disulfonic acid

107
Q

What is the significance of the 20:1 ratio?

A

Bicarbonate : carbon dioxide ratio

108
Q

What is the confirmatory test for pituitary dwarfism?

A

Insulin tolerance test

109
Q

What is the confirmatory test for acromegaly?

110
Q

What causes severe hypertriglyceridemia indicated by values >500mg/dL?

A

Recurrent pancreatitis

111
Q

What does the term ‘random access’ refer to in laboratory testing?

A

Ability to select the specimen that requires immediate testing

112
Q

What is the main hormone involved in calcium homeostasis?

A

Parathyroid hormone

113
Q

What is the primary compensation for metabolic alkalosis?

A

Hypoventilation

114
Q

What is the primary compensation for metabolic acidosis?

A

Hyperventilation

115
Q

What is the conversion factor for urea to BUN?

116
Q

What is the protein that rises in cirrhosis resulting in beta-gamma bridging pattern in serum electrophoresis?

117
Q

What is the significance of the gamma spike in protein electrophoresis?

A

Increase in IgG seen in multiple myeloma

118
Q

What is the confirmatory test for Cushing syndrome?

A

Dexamethasone suppression

119
Q

What does the term ‘carryover’ refer to in analyzers?

A

Major source of error for continuous flow analyzers

120
Q

What does ‘systematic error’ refer to?

A

Occurs predictably due to aging reagents, calibrators, or instrument wear

121
Q

What does ‘random error’ refer to?

A

Occurs unpredictably and affects precision due to variation in handling techniques

122
Q

What is the method for ACP that uses thymolpthalein monophosphate?

A

Roy method

123
Q

What is the most abundant and heat-stable LD isoenzyme?

124
Q

What is the end color of the Lieberman-Burchard reaction?

125
Q

What is the end color of the Salkowski reaction?

126
Q

What is the main method for direct measurement of HDL?

A

Heparin manganese

127
Q

What is the confirmatory test for impaired fasting glucose?

A

2 hour OGTT

128
Q

What is the primary function of the enzyme cholinesterase?

A

Indicator of organophosphate poisoning

129
Q

What is the abnormal lactation not related to pregnancy called?

A

Galactorrhea

130
Q

What is the confirmatory test for neonatal jaundice?

A

Phototherapy

131
Q

What is the ideal anticoagulant for blood gas analysis?

132
Q

What does the term ‘diagnostic sensitivity’ refer to?

A

% of true positives

133
Q

What does the term ‘diagnostic specificity’ refer to?

A

% of true negatives

134
Q

What is the main hormone that affects calcium by inhibiting PTH and vitamin D synthesis?

A

Calcitonin

135
Q

What is the term for enzymes bound to antibodies?

A

Macroenzymes

Clinical Chemistry (Dean Rodriguez) (1 decks)

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