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Clinical Chemistry > CC 1 > Flashcards

CC 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

Standard clinical specimen for glucose

A

Fasting (8-10 hrs) venous plasma

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2
Q

Which specimen has greater glucose

A

Arterial> capillary > venous

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3
Q

Gray fop tubes composition

A 
Sodium fluoride (2 mg) antiglycolytic
Potassium oxalate (2 mg) anticoagulant
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4
Q

What enzyme can fluoride inhibit

A

Enolase (fluoride binds to magnesium)

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5
Q

CSF glucose concentration

A

60-70%

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6
Q

To convert whole blood glucose to serum or plasma (multiply by ____)

A

1.15

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7
Q

Hyperglycemia leads to (sodium)

A

Hyponatremia

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8
Q

Most common glycogen storage disorder and enzyme deficient

A

Von Gierke dss (deficient in glucose-6 phosphatase)

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9
Q

Essential amino acids

A

PVTTIMLL

Phenylalanine
Valine
Threonine
Tryptophan
Isoleucine 
Methionine 
Leucine 
Lysine
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10
Q

pH where proteins have no net charge

A

Isoelectric point

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11
Q

Ion that has two differing charges but the net charge on the molecule is zero

A

Zwitterion

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12
Q

Carbohydrate digestion

A 
Begins in the mouth (salivary amylase -ptyaline) 
Skips stomach (acidic pH prevents digestion)
Continues in the small intestine (pancreatic amylase)
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13
Q

Protein digestion

A

Begins in the stomach and completed in the small intestines

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14
Q

Enzyme responsible for protein digestion in the stomach

A

Pepsin

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15
Q

Another name for prealbumin

A

Transthyretin

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16
Q

2nd most predominant protein in the CSF

- carrier protein for thyroid hormones and vitamin A

A

Prealbumin

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17
Q

Marker for cystic fibrosis

A

Albumin

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18
Q

Majority of alpha-2 globulins

A

Alpha-2-macroglobulin

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19
Q

Carrier for steroid hormones

A

Alpha-1-acid glycoprotein

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20
Q

AFP amount in down syndrome and neural tube defect

A 
Down Syndrome (decrease)
Neural tube defect (elevated)
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21
Q

Another name for transferrin

A

Siderophilin

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22
Q

Soluble storage form of iron

A

Ferritin

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23
Q

How to measure fibrinogen

A

Parfentjev method (ammonium sulfate and sodium chloride) was

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24
Q

Associated with Alzheimer’s disease

A

Alpha-1 antichymotrypsin

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25
Q

Albumin:Globulin ratio

A

1:3

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26
Q

How to measure Bence Jones Protein

A

Immunofixation

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27
Q

Preferred specimen for protein

A

Serum

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28
Q

How to get protein content by nitrogen alone? Mulitply by

A

6.25 (others 6.54)

29
Q

Reference method for protein determination

A

Kjeldahl method

30
Q

Most widely used method for protein determination

A

Biuret reaction

31
Q

Molecule that forms when urea (end product of protein metabolism) is heated at 180 deg C

A

Biuret (2 molecules of urea)

32
Q

Reagents for biuret rxn

A

RANK

Rochelle’s salt (sodium potassium tartrate) - complex cupric ion and prevent their precipitation
Alk. CuSO4 (major reactant)
NaOH (alkali environment)
KI (stabilizer - keeps copper in cupric form)

33
Q

Wavelength for Biuret Rxn

A

540 nm (same as bilirubin)

34
Q

Most sensitive for Protein determination

A

Lowry (Folin-Ciocalteu) Method

35
Q

Most commonly used dye for proteins determination

A

Bromcresol green

36
Q

Most sensitive, specific and precise among the dye-binding assays for protein determination

A

Bromcresol purple

37
Q

Dye for amino acids

A

Ninhydrin

38
Q

Dye used in urine reagent strip (sensitive to albumin)

A

Tetrabromphenol blue

39
Q

Electrophoresis protein pattern seen in patients with liver cirrhosis caused by an increase in IgA

A

Beta-gamma bridging effect

40
Q

Electrophoresis pattern seen in cases of monoclonal gammopathy (multiple myeloma, Waldenstrom’s macroglobulinemia)

A

Gamma spike

41
Q

Electrophoresis pattern seen in patients with nephrotic syndrome

A

Alpha 2 macroglobulin elevation with albumin decrease

42
Q

Electrophoresis pattern seen in patients with emphysema

A

Alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency

43
Q

Use of plasma instead of serum during electrophoresis

A

Increased beta region

44
Q

Electrophoresis pattern seen in acute inflammations

A

Low albumin

High alpha-1 and alpha-2 region

45
Q

Reference range for protein and albumin

A

Protein 6.5-8.3 g/dL

Albumin 3.5-5.5g/dL

46
Q

Conversion factor for protein g/dL to g/L

A

10

47
Q

NPNs according to concentration

A

Urea (45%) > amino acids (25%)> uric acid (10%) > creatinine (5%) > creatine (1-2%) > ammonia (0.2%)

48
Q

Conversion factor BUN to Urea

A

2.14

49
Q

Urea concentration to BUN conversion factor

A

0.4673

50
Q

Occurs when monosodium urate precipitates from supersaturated body fluids

A

Gout

51
Q

Deposits of uric acid crystals as sodium urates in great toe, ear lobe, elbow and in other tissues

A

Tophi

52
Q

Reference value for BUA

A

3.5 - 7.2 mg/dL

53
Q

Conversion factor BUA mg/dl to umol /L

A

0.0595

54
Q

What amino acids are synthesized to form creatine

A

MGA

Methionine
Glycine
Arginine

55
Q

Primary site of ammonia production

A

Small intestine

56
Q

Specimen for ammonium determination and considerations

A

EDTA plasma or heparinized plasma (placed immediately on ice bath and analyzed immediately)

57
Q

Another name for triglycerides (2)

A

Triacylglycerol

Neutral fats/lipids

58
Q

Unlike other lipids, it is not readily catabolized by most cells and therefore does not serve as source of fuel

A

Cholesterol

59
Q

Composed of cholesterol ring and a fatty acid (hydrophobic)

- 60-70% of cholesterols

A

Cholesterol esters

60
Q

Cholesterol ring only, no fatty acids attached (30-40%) - hydrophilic

A

Free cholesterol

61
Q

Unsaturated fatty acids are usually in what form

A

Cis form

62
Q

What apolipoprotein activates LCAT

A

Apo A-I and

Apo -D

63
Q

Homologous to plasminogen (may be prothrombotic)

A

Apo (a) - Lp (a)

64
Q

Also known as the sinking prebeta lipoprotein

A

Lp(a)

65
Q

Found in the LDL density (ultracentrifugation) but

Moves in the pre-beta region during electrophoresis

A

Lp(a)

66
Q

Also know as the floating Beta lipoprotein - VLDL that is richer in cholesterol than triglycerides

  • seen in patients with type III -hyperlipoproteinemia
A

Beta-VLDL (apo E-III deficiency)

67
Q

Found in the VLDL density range but migrates electrophoretically with or near LDL

A

Beta-VLDL

68
Q

Abnormal lipoprotein rich in lipids, primarily unesterified cholesterol and phospholipids

  • found patients with obstructive biliary disease
  • migrates towards the cathode during electrophoresis
A

Lpx

69
Q

Reference method for lipoprotein analysis

And the unit of sedimentation rate

A

Ultracentrifugation

Unit: Svedberg Unit

Clinical Chemistry (2 decks)

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