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CBRNE Flashcards

1
Q

what is meant by protection in security and safety?

A

Measures taken to guard against crime, attack, espionage, sabotage

Measures to guard against accidents to protect people, infrastructure and organisations against damage

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2
Q

What is meant by resilience?

A

ability of a system to return to standard operations after a negative impact

Resilience as “the process of adapting well in the face of adversity, trauma, tragedy, threats or even significant sources of stress.

Important to specify whether resilience is being viewed as a trait, a process, or an outcome.

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3
Q

ChemBio Agent spectrum

A

Classical chemical warfare agents

Industrial and other chemicals

Bioregulators

Bio Toxins

Genetically modified biologicals

Traditional bio warfare agents

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4
Q

Why was WWI a turning point for chemical weapons?

A
  • both sides used chlorine on a large scale
  • Trench Warfare
  • Limits on salt peter by british caused other countries to innovate
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5
Q

What is the Geneva convention?

A

1925 international agreement to prohibit the use of gases and biological methods on the battelefield

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6
Q

CWC - What happened in 1968?

A

CW anbd BW were split into two groups for independant agreement on the uses

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7
Q

CWC - 1990?

A

US - Soviet Union CW accord - destruction and non production of chemical weapons. agreed to destroy most of stockpiles and refrain from production.

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8
Q

CWC - 1993?

A

Paris signing of the Chemical weapon convention on 13 Jan

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9
Q

CWC - 1997?

A

Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons (OPCW) was set up to act as the regulators of the CWC.

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10
Q

How many countries involved in CWC?

A

193 ratified the convention

1 has signed but not ratified - Israel

3 not signed or ratified - Egypt, North Korea, South Sudan

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11
Q

CWC “Chemicals”

A

Classical warfare agents

nerve agents

Industrial and other chemicals

central nervous system acting chemicals

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12
Q

CWC “Mid Spectrum Agents”

A

Bioregultors| Bio toxins

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13
Q

CWC “Agents of biological origin”

A

Bioregultors

bio toxins

Genetically Modified biologicals

Trad biowarfare agents

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14
Q

CWC “Poisons”

A

Classical chemical warfare agents

Industrial and other chemicals

Bioregulators

Bio Toxins

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15
Q

BTWC Article 1 agents

A

Bioregulators

Bio Toxins

Genetically modified biologicals

Tradition bio warfare agents

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16
Q

CWC Article 2 agents

A

Classical chem warfare

Industrial and other uses

Bioregulators

Bio Toxins

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17
Q

CWC article 1 prohibits/requires?

A

prohibits development, production, transfer and use of CW

Requires destruction of CWs, production facilities

must not assist/encourage other nations

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18
Q

What is BTWC?

A

Biological and Toxins Weapons Convention

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19
Q

BTWC Article 2

A

Classical warfare agents

Industrial and other chemicals

Bioregulators

Bio Toxins

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20
Q

what happened in 1972?

A

BTWC was created

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21
Q

NAD?

A

Natural, Accidental and Deliberate

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22
Q

Natural?

A

Truly natural causes eg disease - black death, 1918 flu

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23
Q

NAtech

A

Natural event that leads to a technical issue, eg Fukishima (2011) - Tsunami leading to nuclear meltdown

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24
Q

Accident

A

happening by chance, unexpectedly or unintentionally e.g. Deepwater Horizon (2010) - a blowout caused an explosion on the rig that killed 11 crewmen

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25
Q

Deliberate

A

crime, war, terrorism, sabotage etc - Ukraine (2022)

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26
Q

Deliberate Chem

A

Sarin on Japanese underground - 1995 - Killed 13, 54 severly injured over 5000 sought medical assistance - 10% ambulance staff and 110 hospital staff effected

2018 Novichock of Skripals - Salisbuty - Attempted assasination of exiled russian spy sergey and his daughter. Death of UK national due to discarded perfume bottle.

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27
Q

Deliberate Bio

A

2001 - Anthrax letters - Killed 5 and infected 17 others

1978 - Markov ricin pellet

1994 - Dalles Orgeon 1984 - Food poisoning of 751 individuals due to deliberate contamination of salad bars @ 10 restaurants with salmonella - Ranjeeshee cult wanted to stop people voting in a local election - Only found out when a cult member admitted a few years later

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28
Q

Deliberate radiological

A

2006 - Litvinenko - Po 210 - half life 138 days

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29
Q

Deliberate nuclear

A

little boy - uranium gun-type

fat man - plutonium implosion

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30
Q

Accidental Chem

A

Bhopal - methyl isocyanate - 1984 - approx 4,000 dead, 700,000 affected

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31
Q

Accidental Bio

A

2001 - foot and mouth - £8bn
Pigs fed untreated waste

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32
Q

Accidental radiological

A

Radium Girls - 1917-1926 - Painting dials on clocks with radium infused paint. Pointed brushes with lips. Suffered anemia and necrosis of jaw. unknown amount of deaths, 4000 workers affected

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33
Q

Accidental nuclear

A

1986 - Chernobyl - Local towns evacuated after a test on one of the reactors caused technicians to remove control rods causing nuclear meltdown. 31 dead and 4-100K additional cancer deaths

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34
Q

Accidental explosive

A

Beirut 2020
a large amount of ammonium nitrate stored at the Port of Beirut in the capital city of Lebanon exploded, causing at least 218 deaths, 6,500 injuries, and US$15 billion in property damage, as well as leaving an estimated 300,000 people homeless

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35
Q

Natural Chemical

A

Derbyshire Neck Goitre Iodine deficient in soils fixed with Iodised Salt

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36
Q

Natural Biological

A

Black Plague - 75 - 200m death toll - Fleas carried by rodents vector

Spanish Flu - 50-100m deaths

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37
Q

Natural Radiological

A

Cosmic Radiation - Earth bombarded by stream of radiation

Terrestrial - radioactive materials exist naturally in rocks and soil e.g.Radon

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38
Q

Define safety

A

the condition of being protected from or unlikely to cause danger, risk, or injury.

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39
Q

Define Security

A

the state of being free from danger or threat.

Guard against the loss of life?

Maintain the normal state of society?

Whatever that is

Protect the vital machinery of the society?

The Critical National Infrastructure

Mitigate the risks

Protect societal ideals

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40
Q

Define threat

A

Is what we try to protect against:

  • A statement of an intention to inflict pain, injury, damage, or other hostile action on someone in retribution for something done or not done.
  • A person or thing likely to cause damage or danger.
  • Anything that can exploit a vulnerability, intentionally or accidentally, and obtain,damage, or destroy an asset.
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41
Q

Define vulnerability

A

A vulnerability is a weakness or gap in our protection efforts.

  • The degree of loss resulting from the occurrence of the phenomenon.
  • Weaknesses or gaps in a security programme that can be exploited by threats to gain unauthorized access to an asset.
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42
Q

Define Risk

A

A situation involving exposure to danger.

The potential for loss, damage or destruction of an asset as a result of a threat exploiting a vulnerability.

Risk is the intersection of assets, threats, and vulnerabilities.

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43
Q

Define Hazard

A

The probability of occurrence of a potentially damaging phenomenon

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44
Q

What is a risk matrix?

A

A risk matrix is a matrix that is used during risk assessment to define the level of risk by considering the category of probability or likelihood against the category of consequence

This is a simple mechanism to increase visibility of risks and assist management decision making.

Risk is the lack of certainty about the outcome of making a particular choice.

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45
Q

Axis of risk matrix?

A

x = likelihood

y = impact

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46
Q

Threat space levels (6)

A

Cellular

Individual

Groups of individuals

Nation States

Global

Space

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47
Q

What is the balance of security (7)

A
  • Freedom of movement of the individual
  • Protection of privacy and personal data ownership
  • The presumption of innocence
  • The control of risk perception within society
  • Implementation costs
  • The development of trust between states
  • Security practices should be based on evidence not prejudice
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48
Q

Cardinal point specifications - 5 S’s

A

Specificity

Selectivity

Sensitivity

Speed of response

Stability

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49
Q

Cardinal point specifications - Specificity define

A

The ability to detect the target analyte and no other

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50
Q

Cardinal Point Specifications - Selectivity define

A

ability to detect analyte in a sample containing other admixtures and contaminates

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51
Q

Cardinal Point Specifications - sensitivity define

A

minimum amount of analyte that can be detected with confidence - limit of detection

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52
Q

Cardinal Point Specifications - speed of response

A

time take to collect, analyse, determine agent of concern and produce a warning

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53
Q

Cardinal Point Specifications - stability define

A

susceptibility to ambient disturbances in and around detection system - operating parameters eg temperature, humidity, pressure etc

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54
Q

5 R’s

A

reproducibility

repeatability

reliability

range

resolution

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55
Q

5R’s - reproducibility define

A

ability to generate 2 identical results for a duplicate setup - precision and accuracy of sensor, ability to produce a mean value close to the true mean value when measured more than once.

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56
Q

5R’s repeatability - define

A

ability of a sensor to repeat a measurement when put back into same environment

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57
Q

5R’s reliability - define

A

how it reacts to harsh environments without the need for maintenance

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58
Q

5R’s range - define

A

max/min distance from sample system needs to work

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59
Q

5R’s resolution

A

ability to detect small differences

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60
Q

Other factors for sensor choice

A

Low false positive rate

multi analyte detection

continuous/batch sensing

ease of operations

ease of manufacture

SWAP - size, weight and power

Cost - whole life

Obsolescence

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61
Q

Define nuclear safety

A

Safety - The fundamental nuclear safety objective is to protect people and the environment from the harmful effects of ionising radiation

a) To control the radiation exposure of people and to prevent the release of radioactive material to the environment;

b) To restrict the likelihood of events that might lead to a loss of control over a nuclear reactor core, nuclear chain reaction, radioactive source or any other source of radiation; and

c) To mitigate the consequences of such events if they were to occur

62
Q

Define nuclear safeguards,

A

Safeguards - measures to verify compliance to international obligations not to use nuclear materials for nuclear explosives (non-proliferation treaty)

63
Q

Define nuclear security,

A

Security - prevention, detection and response to malicious acts involving or directed at nuclear/radioactive material:

  • protect against unauthorised removal
  • locate and recover missing material
  • protect against sabotage
  • mitigate/minimise effects of sabotage
64
Q

Structures for nuclear security and safety

A

IAEA - International Atomic Energy Agency

Non Proliferation treaty

GICNT - Global Initiative to Combat Nuclear Terrorism

65
Q

What is CFR?

A

case fatality rate

66
Q

Primary blast injuries

A

from blast wave, unique to high explosives:

blast lung,

eye rupture

concussion

tympanic membrane rupture and

middle ear damage

67
Q

secondary blast injuries

A

fragments penetrating injuries

68
Q

Tertiary injuries

A

body being thrown by the blast

traumatic amputation

fractures

brain injury

69
Q

Quaternary injuries

A

anything else

burns,

crush injuries

smoke/particle inhalation

angina etc

70
Q

3 types of explosive

A

military

commercial

homemade

71
Q

Legal carriage of explosives?

A

300 detonators

50kg explosive

Unmarked with safety file with H&S certificates

72
Q

Characteristics of explosives

A

Performance

mechanical

sensitivity

stability

compatibility

73
Q

Blast assessment

A

crater
manhole covers
window breakage
street
furniture damage
debris throw
chemical analysis

74
Q

Detonation evidence

A

small fragments
blue colouring
evidence of high temperatures

75
Q

bio agents features (8)

A

infectivity

virulence

toxicity

pathogenicity

incubation period

transmissibility

lethality

stability

76
Q

Define infectivity

A

ease at which an organism can establish themselves in a host

77
Q

Define virulence

A

severity of disease produced by an agent

78
Q

Define pathogenicity

A

capability to cause disease in an host

79
Q

Define toxicity

A

severity of illness/incapacitation produced by a toxin

80
Q

Define transmissibility

A

ease at which an agent can travel from person to person - Ro

81
Q

Define stability (bio agent)

A

viability of an agent outside a body (temperature pressure, humidity, UV, pollution, etc)

82
Q

Define incubation period

A

time between exposure and appearance of symptoms

83
Q

Define lethality

A

ease at which an agent can cause death in a susceptible population

84
Q

Bio defence strategies core elements

A

Prevention

preparedness

protection

response

recovery

85
Q

Bio defence objectives

A

reduce the impact of agents

86
Q

Chem agent detection methods

A

Ion mobility spectroscopy

Flame photometry

infra-red spectroscopy

Raman spectroscopy

Surface acoustic wave

photo ionisation

colourmetric - wet paper eg urine testing

87
Q

Routes of entry into the body

A

Respiratory

Percutaneous (skin)

Ocular

Ingestion

injection

88
Q

Penetration equation

A

concentration of harmful substances under a mask/ concentration outside the mask

89
Q

Efficiency equation

A

( (concentration outside the mask) - (the concentration of harmful substances undermask) ) / (concentration outside the mask) OR 1 – Penetration

90
Q

Limitations of personal masks

A

Particle filters

  • do not protect against gases or vapours
  • become clogged making breathing difficult and therefore create seal leaks

Gas/Vapour filters

  • do not protect against particles
  • have limited capacity so after time provide no protection called breakthrough

Filters do not protect against oxygen deficient environments

Self contained breathing apparatus protect against everything, but are bulky, expensive and need significant specialist training.

91
Q

Types of individual respiration protection

A

respirators (air purifying):
unpowered - half, full, and disposable filtering half, mask

powered - half, full face, helmet/hood

Breathing apparatus (air supplied)

92
Q

Activated charcoal

A

type of gas purifying system

hard, stable and good absorptive properties

large surface area (700 sq m per gram)

limitations
breakthrough and fails in presence of water vapour

93
Q

Factors for consideration with individual masks

A

work rate

wear time

abnormal humidity/temperature

facial hair

94
Q

Types of PPE?

A

clothing
goggles
helmets
respirators
skin protection
eye protection
hearing protection
bomb disposal suits

95
Q

Collective protection

A

buildings, vehicles, ships, tents, planes etc Person occupied assets

96
Q

Factors to consider during a chemical hazard

A

low vapour pressure

low surface energies

use of additives

rate of absorption and desorption

97
Q

Collective protection basic concepts

A

provide contamination free environment

allow relief from wearing PPE

overpressure and filtration are the driving approaches

filter incoming air and maintain an internal over pressure to keep out contaminants

98
Q

Tech for immune buildings

A

Advanced filtration

Decontamination

Real time neutralisation

99
Q

DURC?

A

Dual Use Research of Concern

100
Q

What is dual use areas of concern covering?

A

Tools, procedures, methods and material

State of knowledge and development at a point in time

Exploitation of the natural world

101
Q

What falls into the wider web of deterrence?

A

UNSCR 1540

Global partnership

Australia Group

Wassenaar agreement

BTWC

Export controls eg UK strategic export control list, US ITAR

102
Q

What is an institutional review entity?

A

A group that assesses and reports to funding agencies about potential DURC projects with a mitigation plan for approval. Then maintain oversight for the duration of the project.

103
Q

DURC examples

A

3D printing

Synthetic biology

Drones

104
Q

Wassenaar Agreement?

A

1996 agreement for 42 members to share information about where dual use has been provided to promote greater responsibility and prevent destabilising accumulations.

105
Q

UNSCR 1540?

A

The Security Council decided that all States shall refrain from providing any form of support to non-State actors that attempt to develop, acquire, manufacture, possess, transport, transfer or use nuclear, chemical or biological weapons and their means of delivery, in particular for terrorist purposes.

The resolution requires all States to adopt and enforce appropriate laws to this effect as well as other effective measures to prevent the proliferation of these weapons and their means of delivery to non-State actors, in particular for terrorist purposes.

Prohibit attempts to participate as an accomplice or to finance the aforementioned activities.

106
Q

Global partnership? (*)

A

G8 2002

mitigate Bio threats

CW destruction and security

Support UNSCR 1540

Strengthen RN security

107
Q

Australia Group?

A

1985

Harmonisation of export controls of C&B weapons

108
Q

Global health security index - categories (6)

A

Prevention

Detection and reporting

Rapid response

Health system

Compliance with international norms

Risk environment

109
Q

Global health security index - what is it?

A

Comprehensive assessment of health security and related capabilities

2019 - all countries at all income levels have major gaps

110
Q

GHSI - findings Prevention

A

Fewer than 7% of countries score in the highest tier for prevention of emergence or release of pathogens

111
Q

GHSI - findings Detection and reporting

A

19% of countries receive top marks for detection and reporting

112
Q

GHSI - findings rapid response

A

fewer than 5% of countries scored highest to respond and mitigate an epidemic

113
Q

GHSI - findings Health system

A

average score for health system indicators is 26.4 out of 100

114
Q

GHSI - findings compliance with international norms

A

fewer than half submitted confidence building measures under the BTWC in the last 3 years

115
Q

GHSI - findings Risk environment

A

only 23% scored in the top tier

116
Q

MagNOx?

A

Magnesium, no oxide fuel

117
Q

types of dosimeter

A

film badge

electroscope

air sampling

geiger counter

118
Q

Film badge principles

A

film reacts to radiation, a variety of filters monitor different energies, allowing the analyst to assess what effects the radiation exposure might have on the person who was wearing it.

119
Q

Electroscope principles

A

charged device being discharged by radiation

120
Q

Geiger counter principles

A

ionising radiation makes a conductive path between two charged plates, current produced is amplified and usually sent to a speaker to make a clicking sound for each interaction.

121
Q

Radiation units of activity

A

Becquerel - Bq
Curie - Ci 3.7 x 10^10Bq
Rutherford - Rd 1,000,000 Bq

122
Q

Radiation exposure units

A

coulomb/kilo - C/kg| Rontgen - R

123
Q

Radiation Absorbed dose

A

Gray - Joule/Kg

Rad

124
Q

Radiation dose equivalent

A

sievert - Sv

rontogen equivalent man - rem

125
Q

Average radiation dose per person per year (UK)?

A

2.7mSv

126
Q

Define Biosecurity

A

aim to prevent the deliberate diversion of deadly pathogens for malicious purposes,therefore the sum of risk management practices in defence against biological threats.

127
Q

Define Bio Safety

A

are intended to prevent accidental infections of researchers or releases of pathogens from a research facility that could endanger public health or the environment

128
Q

Tools of biosecurity (3)

A

Exclusion

Eradication

Control

129
Q

UK Biosecurity strategy

A

Understand

Prevent

Detect

Respond

Underpinned by scientific capabilities and capacity

Leverage biological sector for opportunities

130
Q

Levels of biosafety (definitions)

A

BSL-1 - not know to cause diseaase in health adults - mild hazard

BSL-2 - microbes pose moderate hazards - e.g. staph. aureus

BSL-3 - treatable but can cause serious health problems - e.g. anthrax

BSL-4 - incurable agents - e.g. ebola

131
Q

Define primary case

A

first person who brings a disease into a group of people (school, community, country etc)

132
Q

Define Index case

A

first person in an outbreak to be identified by health authorities as having the disease (not necessarily the primary case)

133
Q

Why do we need medical surveillence?

A

administer medical countermeasures

quarantine procedures

control strategies

134
Q

Data used in medical surveillence

A

hospital admission

GP consultations

Clincal lab tests

NHS direct

NHS website traffic

Vet surveillance

Air pollution

Meteorology

Pharmacy sales

Socio-Economic data - workforce health

Other nations

Internet search data

Social media trending and usage

135
Q

Types of chemical weapon (7)

A

Blood agents

Choking agents

incapacitating agents

nerve agents

riot control agents

toxins

vesicants

136
Q

Describe CW vesicants

A

blistering agent, eye, skin and mucus membrane pain

137
Q

Types of vesicant

A

sulphur mustard

nitrogen

mustards

lewisite

phosgene

138
Q

Describe CW Blood agents (*)

A

primarily inhalation, but can be ingested, absorbed into the blood,

affect electron transport chain in mitochondria

fast acting

highly volatile, colourless gas, faint odor

139
Q

types of blood agent

A

hydrogen cyanide

cyanogen chloride

arsine

140
Q

Describe CW choking agents

A

suffocate victim by fluid build up in the lungs

corrosive to eyes blur vision and burning

141
Q

Types of choking agent

A

Cholrine gas

phosgene

chloropicrin

acrolein

142
Q

Describe CW nerve agents

A

inhibition of enzyme AchE

respiratory paralysis - diaphragm and brain stemmiosis

miosis due to ocular exposure

143
Q

types of nerve agent

A

VX

GA

GB

GD

Novichok

144
Q

Describe CW riot control agents

A

irritant incapacitating agents

145
Q

types of riot control agents

A

mace

CS

pepper spray

146
Q

Describe CW incapacitating agents

A

provides temporary disabling conditions

147
Q

Define hazmat

A

portmanteau of hazardous materials

148
Q

Dosage equation

A

D = C x IR x AF x EF / BW

D= exposure dose

C= contaminate concentration mg/m-3

IR = intake of contaminated medium

AF = bioavailability factor

EF = exposure factor

BW = body weight or

EF = (FxED) / AT

F = frequency of exposure (days/year)

ED = exposure duration (years)

AT =averaging time (ED x 365)

149
Q

Average daily dose equation

A

ADD = C(air) x InhR x ET x EF x ED/BW x AT

ADD = Average daily dose (mg/kg-day)

C(air) = Concentration of contaminant in air (mg/m3)

InhR = Inhalation rate (m3/hour)

ET = Exposure time (hours/day)

EF = Exposure frequency (days/year)

ED = Exposure duration (years)

BW = Body weight (kg)

AT = Averaging time (days)

150
Q

Workplace Exposure Limits (WEL) equation

A

WEL in mg.m-3 = (WEL in ppm x MW) / 24.05526

MW is the molecular weight (molar mass in g.mol-1) of the substance.

Molar mass is the mass of a given substance divided by the amount of that substance, measured in g/mol.

24.05526 l.

mol-1 is the molar volume of an ideal gas at 20ºC and 1 atmosphere pressure (760 mm mercury, 101325 Pa, 1.01325 bar).

151
Q

Time Weighted Average (TWA) equation

A

The 8-hour reference period

The term ‘8-hour reference period’ relates to the procedure whereby the occupational exposures in any 24-hour period are treated as equivalent to a single uniform exposure for 8 hours (the 8-hour time-weighted average (TWA) exposure).

The 8-hour TWA may be represented mathematically by:

(C1T1+C2T2+…CnTn) / 8

where C1 is the occupational exposure and T1 is the associated exposure time in hours in any 24-hour period.

152
Q

Incapacitating Agents Types

A

LSD

BZ

Fentanyls

EXAMS (6 decks)

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