CBL cards Flashcards
“Symptoms of Pulmonary Tuberculosis”
Persistent cough (more than 3 weeks), Coughing up blood or sputum, Chest pain, Fatigue and weakness, Fever and chills, Night sweats, Loss of appetite and weight loss, Breathlessness, Swollen lymph nodes\
Investigations for TB Diagnosis
Tuberculin skin test (Mantoux test), Chest X-ray, Sputum smear microscopy for acid-fast bacilli (AFB), Sputum culture for Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Nucleic acid amplification tests (NAATs) like PCR, Interferon-gamma release assays (IGRAs)\
Reasons for Multiple Drug Treatment in TB
Prevents drug resistance, Eradicates bacteria effectively, Typical regimen includes: Rifampicin, Isoniazid, Pyrazinamide, Ethambutol, Common side effects: Hepatotoxicity, Peripheral neuropathy, Gastrointestinal disturbances, Optic neuritis\
Spread, Natural History, and Epidemiology of Mycobacterium Tuberculosis
Spread via respiratory droplets, Primary infection often asymptomatic, Latent TB vs. Active TB, Risk factors: overcrowding, poor ventilation, immunocompromised status\
Mantoux Test
Intradermal injection of purified protein derivative (PPD), Measures delayed hypersensitivity reaction, Positive result indicates exposure to TB but doesn’t differentiate between latent and active infection\
Pathological Fracture
Fracture occurring in weakened bone due to underlying pathology (e.g., cancer, osteoporosis)\
Malignancies Metastasizing to Bone
Breast cancer, Prostate cancer, Lung cancer, Renal cell carcinoma, Thyroid cancer\
Red Flag Symptoms for Common Malignancies
Unexplained weight loss, Persistent pain, Change in bowel or bladder habits, Unexplained bleeding, Persistent cough or hoarseness\
Interpretation of Anaemia
Microcytic (e.g., iron deficiency), Normocytic (e.g., chronic disease), Macrocytic (e.g., B12 deficiency)\
Presenting Features and Complications of Myeloma
Bone pain, especially in the back or ribs, Renal impairment, Hypercalcemia, Anemia, Increased susceptibility to infections\
Diagnosis of Myeloma
Blood tests (serum protein electrophoresis), Urine tests (Bence Jones protein), A thin needle is used to remove a sample of fluid (aspirate) from the bone marrow '96 usually from the pelvic bone, A trephine biopsy, sometimes done with a second needle, removes a small piece of bone with the marrow inside.\
Common Organisms Causing Meningitis
Neisseria meningitidis, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae\
Symptoms of Acute Bacterial Meningitis
Sudden onset fever, Severe headache, Stiff neck (nuchal rigidity), Photophobia, Altered mental status\
Serotyping of Meningococci
Helps track specific strains for vaccination strategies and outbreak management\
Spread and Risk of Meningococcus Infection
Spread via respiratory droplets, Higher risk in crowded or close-contact settings\
Public Health Implications of Bacterial Meningitis
Rapid identification and treatment to prevent outbreaks, Contact tracing and prophylactic treatment for close contacts\
Elements of Sexual History and Examination
Sexual activity history, Contraceptive use, Pregnancy risk assessment, STI history, Sexual orientation and gender identity\
Investigations for Sexual Health Screen
STI swabs (e.g., chlamydia, gonorrhea), Blood tests (e.g., HIV, syphilis, hepatitis)\
Herpes Simplex Viral Infections
Painful genital ulcers, Antiviral medications (e.g., acyclovir) for treatment and suppression\
Latency and Infectivity
Virus can remain dormant and asymptomatic but still be infectious during reactivation\
Red Flag Signs and Symptoms for Malignant Melanoma
Asymmetry, Irregular borders, Varied colors, Large diameter (>6mm), Evolving lesions\
Pathogenesis of Malignant Melanoma
Genetic predisposition, UV radiation exposure, Melanocyte transformation\
Breslow Thickness in Staging
Depth of invasion into the skin, Correlates with prognosis\
Role of Lymphatic System in Cancer Spread
Provides pathway for metastasis, Lymph nodes act as filters but can harbor cancer cells\
