CBL cards

Question 1

“Symptoms of Pulmonary Tuberculosis”

Answer 1

Persistent cough (more than 3 weeks), Coughing up blood or sputum, Chest pain, Fatigue and weakness, Fever and chills, Night sweats, Loss of appetite and weight loss, Breathlessness, Swollen lymph nodes\

Question 2

Investigations for TB Diagnosis

Answer 2

Tuberculin skin test (Mantoux test), Chest X-ray, Sputum smear microscopy for acid-fast bacilli (AFB), Sputum culture for Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Nucleic acid amplification tests (NAATs) like PCR, Interferon-gamma release assays (IGRAs)\

Question 3

Reasons for Multiple Drug Treatment in TB

Answer 3

Prevents drug resistance, Eradicates bacteria effectively, Typical regimen includes: Rifampicin, Isoniazid, Pyrazinamide, Ethambutol, Common side effects: Hepatotoxicity, Peripheral neuropathy, Gastrointestinal disturbances, Optic neuritis\

Question 4

Spread, Natural History, and Epidemiology of Mycobacterium Tuberculosis

Answer 4

Spread via respiratory droplets, Primary infection often asymptomatic, Latent TB vs. Active TB, Risk factors: overcrowding, poor ventilation, immunocompromised status\

Question 5

Mantoux Test

Answer 5

Intradermal injection of purified protein derivative (PPD), Measures delayed hypersensitivity reaction, Positive result indicates exposure to TB but doesn’t differentiate between latent and active infection\

Question 6

Pathological Fracture

Answer 6

Fracture occurring in weakened bone due to underlying pathology (e.g., cancer, osteoporosis)\

Question 7

Malignancies Metastasizing to Bone

Answer 7

Breast cancer, Prostate cancer, Lung cancer, Renal cell carcinoma, Thyroid cancer\

Question 8

Red Flag Symptoms for Common Malignancies

Answer 8

Unexplained weight loss, Persistent pain, Change in bowel or bladder habits, Unexplained bleeding, Persistent cough or hoarseness\

Question 9

Interpretation of Anaemia

Answer 9

Microcytic (e.g., iron deficiency), Normocytic (e.g., chronic disease), Macrocytic (e.g., B12 deficiency)\

Question 10

Presenting Features and Complications of Myeloma

Answer 10

Bone pain, especially in the back or ribs, Renal impairment, Hypercalcemia, Anemia, Increased susceptibility to infections\

Question 11

Diagnosis of Myeloma

Answer 11

Blood tests (serum protein electrophoresis), Urine tests (Bence Jones protein), A thin needle is used to remove a sample of fluid (aspirate) from the bone marrow '96 usually from the pelvic bone, A trephine biopsy, sometimes done with a second needle, removes a small piece of bone with the marrow inside.\

Question 12

Common Organisms Causing Meningitis

Answer 12

Neisseria meningitidis, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae\

Question 13

Symptoms of Acute Bacterial Meningitis

Answer 13

Sudden onset fever, Severe headache, Stiff neck (nuchal rigidity), Photophobia, Altered mental status\

Question 14

Serotyping of Meningococci

Answer 14

Helps track specific strains for vaccination strategies and outbreak management\

Question 15

Spread and Risk of Meningococcus Infection

Answer 15

Spread via respiratory droplets, Higher risk in crowded or close-contact settings\

Question 16

Public Health Implications of Bacterial Meningitis

Answer 16

Rapid identification and treatment to prevent outbreaks, Contact tracing and prophylactic treatment for close contacts\

Question 17

Elements of Sexual History and Examination

Answer 17

Sexual activity history, Contraceptive use, Pregnancy risk assessment, STI history, Sexual orientation and gender identity\

Question 18

Investigations for Sexual Health Screen

Answer 18

STI swabs (e.g., chlamydia, gonorrhea), Blood tests (e.g., HIV, syphilis, hepatitis)\

Question 19

Herpes Simplex Viral Infections

Answer 19

Painful genital ulcers, Antiviral medications (e.g., acyclovir) for treatment and suppression\

Question 20

Latency and Infectivity

Answer 20

Virus can remain dormant and asymptomatic but still be infectious during reactivation\

Question 21

Red Flag Signs and Symptoms for Malignant Melanoma

Answer 21

Asymmetry, Irregular borders, Varied colors, Large diameter (>6mm), Evolving lesions\

Question 22

Pathogenesis of Malignant Melanoma

Answer 22

Genetic predisposition, UV radiation exposure, Melanocyte transformation\

Question 23

Breslow Thickness in Staging

Answer 23

Depth of invasion into the skin, Correlates with prognosis\

Question 24

Role of Lymphatic System in Cancer Spread

Answer 24

Provides pathway for metastasis, Lymph nodes act as filters but can harbor cancer cells\

Question 25

Sentinel Node

Answer 25

First lymph node draining a tumor site, Identified through lymphoscintigraphy or dye injection\

Question 26

Treatment Options for Cancer

Answer 26

Surgery, Radiotherapy, Chemotherapy, Immunotherapy, Targeted therapy, Palliative care\

Question 27

Public Health Approaches to TB Screening and Control

Answer 27

Contact tracing, TB testing in high-risk populations, Directly observed therapy (DOT), Vaccination (BCG)\

Question 28

TB Notification

Answer 28

Monitor disease burden, Track outbreaks, Guide public health interventions\

Question 29

Information Disclosure to Patients

Answer 29

Tailor information to patient’s understanding and emotional readiness, Consider cultural and social factors\

Question 30

Responsible Sexual Behavior

Answer 30

Respect for consent, Honesty with partners, Contraception and barrier protection for prevention of STIs and unwanted pregnancy, Open communication about sexual health and practices\