CBL

Question 1

Define Kernig’s sign

Answer 1

Elicited when the patient is in the supine position

The thigh is flexed on the abdomen, with the knee flexed; attempts to passively extend the knee elicit pain when meningeal irritation is present

Question 2

Define Brudzinski’s sign

Answer 2

Elicited when the patient in the supine position and is positive when passive flexion of the neck results in spontaneous flexion of the hips and knees

Question 3

Describe meningococcal meningitis rash

Answer 3

It begins as a diffuse erythematous maculopapular rash, resembling a viral exanthem

The skin lesions of meningococcaemia rapidly become petechial, which are found on the trunk and lower extremities, the mucous membranes and conjunctivae and occasionally the palms and soles

Question 4

Does meningococcal meningitis rash blanch

Answer 4

The rash does not blanch once petechiae have developed

Question 5

Where is pain from the anterior half of the head arise from?

Answer 5

Pain of origin above the tentorium cerebelli will refer to the anterior half of the head (CN V)

Question 6

Where is pain from the posterior half of the head arise from?

Answer 6

Pain of origin below the tentorium cerebelli will refer to the posterior half of the head (CN IX/X)

Question 7

What cortical lobe are the following functions located in?

• executive function
• decision making
• behavioural and emotional regulation
• contains the precentral gyrus → primary motor cortex
• contains Broca’s area (left posterior inferior frontal lobe) → expressive aphasia if lesion

Answer 7

Frontal

Question 8

What lobe contains:

• contains hippocampus → memory
• amygdala → emotion
• vision → Meyer’s loop (inferior optic radiations)

Answer 8

Temporal lobe

Question 9

What function is located in the occipital lobe of the cortex?

Answer 9

Occipital:

-contains visual cortex

Question 10

The parietal lobe is responsible for?

Answer 10

• contains the postcentral gyrus → primary sensory cortex
• spatial awareness
• body orientation
• contains Wernicke’s area → left inferior parietal lobe (and posterior superior temporal lobe) → receptive aphasia if lesion

Question 11

What specific features of intracranial arteries make them predisposed to aneurysms?

Answer 11

Saccular and berry aneurysms are specific to the intracranial arteries because their walls lack an external elastic lamina and contain a very thin adventitia