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Med 2 Life Cycle > CBL > Flashcards

CBL Flashcards

1
Q

List the aims of the menstrual cycle

A
  • Prepare the body for potential pregnancy.
  • Regulate hormonal balance.
  • Maintain reproductive health.
  • Facilitate the shedding of the uterine lining if no pregnancy occurs.
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2
Q

Detail the key hormones of the HPG axis and the mechanisms controlling their synthesis and secretion

A
  • Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH): Released from the hypothalamus; stimulates the pituitary to release FSH and LH.
  • Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH): Promotes follicle maturation in ovaries.
  • Luteinizing hormone (LH): Triggers ovulation and corpus luteum formation.
  • Estrogen and progesterone: Produced by ovaries; regulate feedback on hypothalamus and pituitary.
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3
Q

Describe the phases of the menstrual cycle and its endocrinological control

A
  • Menstrual phase: Shedding of the uterine lining; low hormone levels.
  • Follicular phase: FSH stimulates follicle growth; estrogen rises.
  • Ovulation: Surge in LH causes release of an egg.
  • Luteal phase: Corpus luteum produces progesterone; prepares the endometrium for implantation.
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4
Q

Define the menstrual transition and menopause in physiological terms

A
  • Menstrual transition: Perimenopause; characterized by irregular cycles due to fluctuating hormone levels.
  • Menopause: Cessation of menstrual cycles for 12 months; decreased estrogen and progesterone production due to ovarian senescence.
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5
Q

Describe the basic anatomy of the female pelvis & genitalia

A
  • Pelvis: Includes the bony pelvis, pelvic cavity, and pelvic floor muscles.
  • Genitalia: Includes external structures (vulva, labia, vagina, cervix, uterus, fallopian tubes, and ovaries).
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6
Q

Give a differential diagnosis for testicular pain

A
  • Testicular torsion: Sudden, severe pain due to twisted spermatic cord.
  • Epididymitis: Inflammation of the epididymis, often due to infection.
  • Orchitis: Inflammation of the testicle, sometimes associated with mumps.
  • Inguinal hernia: Intestine protrudes through abdominal wall near groin.
  • Trauma: Injury to the testicle or scrotum.
  • Hydrocele: Fluid accumulation around the testicle.
  • Varicocele: Enlarged veins in the scrotum.
  • Testicular cancer: May present as a painless lump or dull ache.
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7
Q

Identify the components of semen analysis

A
  • Volume: Total amount of ejaculate.
  • Sperm concentration: Number of sperm per milliliter.
  • Motility: Percentage of moving sperm.
  • Morphology: Percentage of normally shaped sperm.
  • pH level: Acidity or alkalinity of semen.
  • White blood cells: Indicate infection if present.
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8
Q

Describe, in general terms, the anatomy of the components of the male reproductive system

A
  • Testes: Produce sperm and testosterone.
  • Epididymis: Stores and matures sperm.
  • Vas deferens: Transports sperm from epididymis to urethra.
  • Seminal vesicles: Produce seminal fluid.
  • Prostate gland: Produces prostatic fluid, part of semen.
  • Urethra: Passage for urine and semen.
  • Penis: Organ for sexual intercourse and urination.
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9
Q

Appreciate some of the common clinical conditions related to the male reproductive system

A
  • Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH): Enlarged prostate causing urinary symptoms.
  • Prostatitis: Inflammation of the prostate gland.
  • Erectile dysfunction: Inability to achieve or maintain an erection.
  • Male infertility: Issues with sperm production or function.
  • Testicular cancer: Malignant growth in the testicles.
  • STIs: Sexually transmitted infections affecting the genital area.
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10
Q

Describe the process of spermatogenesis

A
  • Initiation: Begins at puberty in the seminiferous tubules of the testes.
  • Mitosis: Spermatogonia divide to form primary spermatocytes.
  • Meiosis I: Primary spermatocytes divide to form secondary spermatocytes.
  • Meiosis II: Secondary spermatocytes divide to form spermatids.
  • Spermiogenesis: Spermatids mature into spermatozoa (sperm cells).
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11
Q

Give an overview of the clinical and hormonal changes in pregnancy and explain how these may be used in the diagnosis of pregnancy

A
  • Human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG): Detected in blood and urine; confirms pregnancy.
  • Progesterone: Increases to maintain uterine lining.
  • Estrogen: Rises to support fetal development and maternal adaptation.
  • Clinical signs: Missed menstrual period, nausea, breast tenderness, and positive pregnancy test.
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12
Q

Describe the maternal changes of pregnancy in relation to respiratory, cardiovascular, gastrointestinal, genitourinary, and metabolic and endocrine systems

A
  • Respiratory: Increased tidal volume and oxygen consumption.
  • Cardiovascular: Increased blood volume, cardiac output, and heart rate; decreased blood pressure.
  • Gastrointestinal: Slowed motility, increased risk of reflux and constipation.
  • Genitourinary: Increased kidney size, GFR, and urinary frequency.
  • Metabolic and endocrine: Increased insulin resistance, weight gain, and altered thyroid function.
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13
Q

Define the functions of the extra-embryonic structures and describe the key steps in their development

A
  • Placenta: Nutrient and waste exchange between mother and fetus; hormone production.
  • Amniotic sac: Cushions and protects the fetus.
  • Yolk sac: Early blood cell formation.
  • Development: Trophoblast invades endometrium, forming chorionic villi; placenta develops from chorion and decidua.
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14
Q

Relate pathological conditions of pregnancy to normal physiology with reference to gestational diabetes

A
  • Normal physiology: Increased insulin resistance to ensure glucose availability for the fetus.
  • Gestational diabetes: Exaggerated insulin resistance; inability to maintain normal glucose levels, leading to hyperglycemia.
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15
Q

Demonstrate awareness of the workings of integrated health and social care teams for people with an intellectual disability

A
  • Interdisciplinary collaboration: Involves healthcare professionals, social workers, and caregivers.
  • Individualized care plans: Tailored to meet the specific needs of the individual.
  • Support services: Include education, occupational therapy, and psychological support.
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16
Q

Perform a basic antenatal examination on a manikin competently

A
  • Steps: Measure fundal height, palpate fetal position, auscultate fetal heart, and assess maternal vital signs.
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17
Q

Understand what is meant by faltering growth, short stature, underweight, overweight, and obesity and how to recognize these

A
  • Faltering growth: Slower than expected growth rate.
  • Short stature: Height significantly below average for age and sex.
  • Underweight: Body weight below the normal range for age and height.
  • Overweight and obesity: Excess body weight/fat; BMI above normal range.
18
Q

List common causes of growth faltering

A
  • Nutritional deficiencies: Inadequate intake of calories or nutrients.
  • Chronic illnesses: Conditions like cystic fibrosis, celiac disease.
  • Hormonal imbalances: Growth hormone deficiency, hypothyroidism.
  • Genetic conditions: Turner syndrome, Down syndrome.
  • Psychosocial factors: Neglect, emotional stress.
19
Q

Briefly outline how genetic, nutritional, and environmental factors impact on growth

A
  • Genetic factors: Inherited traits determine potential height and growth patterns.
  • Nutritional factors: Adequate nutrition is essential for optimal growth.
  • Environmental factors: Living conditions, healthcare access, and emotional well-being influence growth.
20
Q

Plot and interpret a weight and height chart

A
  • Plotting: Place weight and height measurements on growth chart.
  • Interpretation: Assess percentile ranks to determine if growth is within normal ranges.
21
Q

Describe the role of growth assessment as part of child health surveillance

A
  • Monitoring development: Regular measurements to track growth patterns.
  • Early detection: Identifies potential growth disorders or health issues.
  • Intervention: Guides timely medical or nutritional interventions.
22
Q

Identify common risk factors for falls in the older population

A
  • Physical factors: Muscle weakness, balance issues, impaired vision.
  • Medical conditions: Arthritis, diabetes, dementia.
  • Medications: Sedatives, antihypertensives, diuretics.
  • Environmental hazards: Poor lighting, loose rugs, slippery floors.
23
Q

Describe key factors in the clinical approach to falls prevention

A
  • Assessment: Evaluate risk factors and history of falls.
  • Intervention: Strength and balance training, medication review, home safety modifications.
  • Education: Teach patients and caregivers about fall prevention strategies.
24
Q

Outline the concepts of frailty and multiple morbidity

A
  • Frailty: A syndrome of decreased reserve and resistance to stressors, leading to increased vulnerability.
  • Multiple morbidity: Coexistence of multiple chronic diseases or conditions.
25
Q

Describe the consequences of the frailty syndrome

A
  • Increased risk of falls and injuries.
  • Higher likelihood of hospitalization and institutionalization.
  • Greater dependency and need for support.
  • Poorer quality of life and increased mortality.
26
Q

Outline the evidence-based management of frailty

A
  • Comprehensive geriatric assessment: Multidisciplinary evaluation of medical, functional, and psychosocial issues.
  • Individualized care plans: Address specific needs and goals.
  • Physical activity: Tailored exercise programs to improve strength and balance.
  • Nutrition: Ensure adequate intake of calories, protein, and micronutrients.
  • Medication review: Minimize polypharmacy and adjust medications as needed.
27
Q

Briefly describe key steps in the management of hip fracture in older patients, appreciating both surgical and non-surgical aspects

A
  • Preoperative care: Stabilize medical conditions, pain management, and hydration.
  • Surgical treatment: Options include internal fixation, hemiarthroplasty, or total hip replacement.
  • Postoperative care: Early mobilization, physical therapy, and fall prevention strategies.
  • Rehabilitation: Focus on regaining function and independence.
  • Non-surgical management: Reserved for patients who are not surgical candidates; includes pain control, physical therapy, and supportive care.
28
Q

Define the functions of the extra-embryonic structures and describe the key steps in their development

A
  • Placenta: Functions include nutrient and gas exchange, waste removal, and hormone production. Development begins with implantation; trophoblast cells differentiate into cytotrophoblast and syncytiotrophoblast, forming chorionic villi.
  • Amniotic sac: Cushions and protects the fetus; amniotic fluid allows fetal movement and growth. Develops from the amnion, which forms a fluid-filled cavity around the embryo.
  • Yolk sac: Early site of blood cell and vessel formation. Develops from the hypoblast and is eventually integrated into the gut.
  • Umbilical cord: Connects fetus to the placenta, containing two arteries and one vein. Develops from the connecting stalk.
29
Q

Relate pathological conditions of pregnancy to normal physiology with reference to gestational diabetes

A
  • Normal physiology: Pregnancy induces insulin resistance to ensure glucose supply for the fetus.
  • Gestational diabetes: Exaggerated insulin resistance leading to hyperglycemia. Diagnosed by glucose tolerance test; managed with diet, exercise, and insulin if needed. Increases risk of complications such as preeclampsia and macrosomia.
30
Q

Demonstrate awareness of the workings of integrated health and social care teams for people with an intellectual disability

A
  • Team composition: Includes healthcare providers, social workers, educators, and therapists.
  • Care coordination: Holistic approach to address medical, psychological, educational, and social needs.
  • Communication: Regular meetings and updates among team members; involvement of patient and family in decision-making.
  • Support services: Access to specialized programs and resources for education, employment, and daily living support.
31
Q

Perform a basic antenatal examination on a manikin competently

A
  • Steps:
    • Introduce and explain the procedure to the patient.
    • Wash hands and use appropriate PPE.
    • Measure fundal height: From the pubic symphysis to the top of the uterus.
    • Palpate for fetal position: Identify fetal lie, presentation, and position.
    • Auscultate fetal heart rate: Using a Doppler or fetoscope.
    • Assess maternal vital signs: Blood pressure, heart rate, and urinalysis for protein and glucose.
32
Q

Understand what is meant by faltering growth, short stature, underweight, overweight, and obesity and how to recognize these

A
  • Faltering growth: Weight or height falling below expected norms for age and sex.
  • Short stature: Height more than 2 standard deviations below the mean for age and sex.
  • Underweight: BMI below the 5th percentile for age.
  • Overweight: BMI between the 85th and 95th percentiles.
  • Obesity: BMI above the 95th percentile.
33
Q

List common causes of growth faltering

A
  • Nutritional: Poor dietary intake, malabsorption syndromes.
  • Chronic illnesses: Cystic fibrosis, congenital heart disease, celiac disease.
  • Endocrine disorders: Growth hormone deficiency, hypothyroidism, adrenal insufficiency.
  • Genetic conditions: Turner syndrome, Down syndrome, Prader-Willi syndrome.
  • Environmental factors: Neglect, psychosocial deprivation.
34
Q

Briefly outline how genetic, nutritional, and environmental factors impact on growth

A
  • Genetic: Determines potential height and growth velocity; conditions like achondroplasia and Marfan syndrome affect growth.
  • Nutritional: Adequate nutrition is critical; deficiencies in calories, protein, vitamins, or minerals can stunt growth.
  • Environmental: Stress, socioeconomic status, and access to healthcare and education influence growth patterns.
35
Q

Plot and interpret a weight and height chart

A
  • Plotting: Mark the child’s weight and height on the appropriate growth chart for their age and sex.
  • Interpretation: Compare measurements to percentiles; identify trends or deviations from normal growth patterns.
36
Q

Describe the role of growth assessment as part of child health surveillance

A
  • Monitoring development: Regular measurements help track growth and development over time.
  • Early detection: Identifies deviations from normal growth, prompting further investigation.
  • Intervention: Guides timely interventions, whether nutritional, medical, or psychosocial.
37
Q

Identify common risk factors for falls in the older population

A
  • Physical: Muscle weakness, poor balance, vision impairment.
  • Medical conditions: Arthritis, diabetes, stroke, Parkinson’s disease.
  • Medications: Sedatives, antidepressants, blood pressure medications.
  • Environmental hazards: Clutter, poor lighting, slippery floors, loose rugs.
38
Q

Describe key factors in the clinical approach to falls prevention

A
  • Assessment: Comprehensive evaluation including medical history, medication review, physical examination, and home safety assessment.
  • Intervention: Strength and balance exercises, assistive devices, medication adjustments, vision correction, and environmental modifications.
  • Education: Informing patients and caregivers about fall prevention strategies and safe practices.
39
Q

Outline the concepts of frailty and multiple morbidity

A
  • Frailty: A clinical syndrome characterized by decreased strength, endurance, and physiological function, increasing vulnerability to adverse health outcomes.
  • Multiple morbidity: The coexistence of two or more chronic conditions in an individual, complicating management and increasing healthcare needs.
40
Q

Describe the consequences of the frailty syndrome

A
  • ncreased risk of falls and fractures.
  • Higher rates of hospitalization and institutionalization.
  • Greater dependency on caregivers.
  • Reduced quality of life and increased mortality.
41
Q

Outline the evidence-based management of frailty

A
  • Comprehensive geriatric assessment: Evaluates medical, functional, and psychosocial factors.
  • Individualized care plans: Tailored interventions focusing on the patient’s specific needs.
  • Physical activity: Regular exercise to improve strength, balance, and endurance.
  • Nutrition: Ensuring adequate intake of nutrients, possibly with supplements.
  • Polypharmacy management: Regular review and rationalization of medications.
42
Q

Briefly describe key steps in the management of hip fracture in older patients, appreciating both surgical and non-surgical aspects

A
  • Preoperative care: Stabilize the patient’s condition, manage pain, ensure adequate hydration and nutrition.
  • Surgical treatment: Options include internal fixation, hemiarthroplasty, or total hip arthroplasty, depending on fracture type and patient condition.
  • Postoperative care: Early mobilization with physical therapy, pain management, prevention of complications such as deep vein thrombosis.
  • Rehabilitation: Comprehensive rehabilitation program to restore function and independence.
  • Non-surgical management: Pain control, bed rest, and supportive care for patients unable to undergo surgery; involves careful monitoring and prevention of complications.

Med 2 Life Cycle (4 decks)

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