CBIS Flashcards
Acquired Brain Injury
not hereditary, congenital, degenerative, or induced by birth trauma
Non Traumatic Brain Injury
Traumatic Inertial
a. Anoxia
b. Infections
c. Strokes
d. Tumors
e. Metabolic Disorders
TBI
caused by an external force
Leading cause of TBI
falls
Leading cause of TBI related death
MVC
Mild TBI
GCS=13-16
Moderate TBI
GCS=9-12
Severe TBI
LOS 24 hours or greater
CGS-under 8
Persistent Post Concussive Symptoms
symptoms of a concussion lasting for weeks or months
Most important factor in the impact of brain injury
age
How many TBI occur a year?
2.5 million
Acute Care
ICU, ED
Post Acute
Inpatient rehab
Long Term
Residential/Community Care
Rehab Act of 1973
Return to work programs
TBI Model Systems of 1987
Longintudial Research
TBI Act of 1996
providing funding for extended research
Olmstead Decision of 1999
Integration into community for inidivudals with disabilities
How likely is someone with a TBI to die from a seizure disorder?
37
Second Impact Syndrome
Second impact syndrome: occurs when an athlete or individual sustains an initial concussion And then sustains a second head injury before symptoms from the first have fully resolved; it can occur minutes days or weeks after the initial concussion
CTE
Also known as dementia pugilistica, CTE refers to a condition, diagnosed after death, relative to multiple concussions caused by significant force. A progressive degenerative disease, CTE is most often sustained by athletes participating in contact sports, where it is sometimes termed punch drunk. May also be observed in domestic violence victims or abused children who have sustained numerous blows to the head
Meninges
Pia Mater
Arachnid
Dura Mater
Brainstem
Midbrain
Pons
Medulla
Diencephalon
Thirst and Hunger
Diencephalon contains
Thalamus and Hypothalamus
Limbic system contains
Hippocampus, Amygdala
Cerebellum is responsible for..
balance
Hippocampus is responsible for..
LTM
Lobes
frontal, temporal, occipital, parietal
Frontal
Executive functioning
Pre frontal cortex
working memory
Temporal
Sensory processing, language, long term memory
temporal lobe contains the..
hypothalamus
Occipital
vision
Parietal
Primary Sensory and Somoatosensory
Synaptogenesis
formation of synapses
Aspiration pneumonia
fluid in the lungs that causes pneumonia from swallowing food
o Contractures
abnormal, permanent condition of joints by decreased range of motion
o Hyperreflexia
involuntary increase in muscle tone and exaggerated deep tendon reflexes
o Spasticity
o Heterotrophic Ossification:
formation of new bone around joints as a consequence of trauma or immobility
Swallowing complications are relevant in serve tbi in
90 percent, 63 in oral, 73 in pharyngeal
Dysphagia
swallowing problems
how many people have changed in libido after tbi?
40-60 percent
Who is most vulnerable to pressure sores?
Those who are physically dependent on others
Headache Assessment
COLDER: assessment for headache
Character (sensation & intensity)
Onset (timing)
Location (where does it start, radiate?)
Duration
Exacerbation
Relief
how many people experience fatigue
30-70 percent
Why are there not any objective measures of fatigue?
subjective
Disorders of consciousness
coma, vegetative, minimally conscious
Cognition
how thoughts influence behavior
o Metacognition
thinking about thinking
Anosognosia
Diminished self-awareness and failure to recognize of ones disability
Sustained Attention
ability to maintain attention and complete task over a period of time
Explicit Memory
sematic/episodic
Implicit Memory
procedural
Compensatory Rehab
Never recover full function and uses strategy training to adapt
Restorative Rehab
uses repeated exposure and repetition for cognitive training and neuroplasticity
Functional Training
real world improvements in daily functioning
o Coma-emergent agitation:
Environmental Management: Reduce noise and other stimuli, limit visitors, eliminate tv, incorporate familiar objects, provide safety, same staff, routines, orientation, redirection, movement,
Frequency
times behavior occurs
Rate
count per unit
Duration
how long
Latency
time between stimulus and behavior
positive reinforcement
stimulus added to increase behavior
negative reinforcement
removing stimulus to increase behavior
Intermittent Reinforcement
sometimes provides reinforcement (slot machine)
most common psychological symptoms
depression
Prevalence of substance use
20 percent alcohol
10 percent drugs
Age of most brain maturation
0-5
how many people with shaken baby syndrome have long term disabilities
70-80
Most common TBI in adolescents
mtbi
Section 504 of Rehab Act of 1973
requires schools to provide reasonable accommodations to allow individuals with disabilities to participate
Individuals with Disabilities Education Act IDEA
mandate to provide public education throughout special education and support services
How many people in the military report TBI?
56 percent of people in the military have reported a mild TBI
Who shows the most care giver burn out?
parents
Early outcome measure
Glasgow
Diffuse axonal injury
brain injury occurring when the white matter tracts are stretched and broken, resulting in
extensive, widespread damage
○ Axon is sheared and neuron cant communicate properly since neuron communicates through axons
○ Releases tau when neuron is sheared; prevalent in CTE (boxers)
Limbic System
hippocampus, amygdala, thalamus, hypothalamus
Dysautonomia
- sometimes called autonomic storming - refers to failure of the sympathetic or parasympathetic components of
the autonomic (involuntary) nervous system.
Excitotoxicity:
The process by which nerve cells are damaged and die due to over excitation; Occurs when a neuron
is no longer able to maintain its resting potential as a result of impairment of the sodium potassium pump in
combination with large scale increases and extracellular excitatory neurotransmitters such as glutamate
Spacicity
involuntary, abnormal motoric patterns;
Primary cause of sexual dysfunction
neuroendocrine changes; hypothalamus and pituitary damage
