CBCL π Flashcards
What are the characteristics of a skin abscess?
there is pus and redness around it.
What are the causes of immune suppression in a diabetic patient?
A-Chronic hyperglycemia in diabetes patients can lead to acidosis, which limits the activity of the immune system.
B-Hyperglycemia (due to insulin resistance) impairs overall immunity through different mechanisms which include:
- Chemotaxis (leukocyte recruitment)
- Cytokine production (an inflammatory mediator)
- Pathogen recognition.
- Adherence and rolling
- phagocytosis and pathogen destruction
- Inhibition of antibody production
- Decrease immune cells synthesis
C-Considered a good media for bacterial growth.
D-Atherosclerosis of blood vessels results in decrease blood flow to the tissues which may result in neuropathy (peripheral nerve damage), Because of impaired nerves in the skin, the host may not notice trauma to the skin until an infection is present
What is the cause of lymphadenopathy in skin abscesses?
Lymphadenopathy happens due to the spread of microbes and Reactive draining LN hyperplasia as an immune response against infection.
What are other organisms that can cause skin abscesses?
A- Bacteria
1- G+ve cocci : staphylococcus aureus, streptococci
2- G-ve cocci: gonococci, meningococci
3- G-ve organisms: klebsiella, entrobacter, proteus,pseudomonas
4- Others: mycobacterium TB, actinomycosis
B- Fungi
Which parts will the suitable antibiotic target?
The antibiotics will target the cell wall
What are the symptoms of Down syndrome?
hypotonia, mental delay, and dysmorphic features (mongoloid facies, upward slanting of the lateral palpebral fissure, low set ears, silky hair, protruded tongue, microcephaly, and short webbed neck)
What is the diagnostic investigation for Down syndrome?
By taking a sample of the genetic material and checking for extra material of chromosome 21.
What are the types of Down syndrome?
A-Trisomy 21 (related to the age of the mother where3 copies of chromosome 21 are present βalso called non-disjunctionβ).
B- Translocation Down syndrome (a problem in chromosomes no. (13 β 15 - 21).
C- Mosaic Down syndrome (mild).
What is the risk of recurrence of Down syndrome?
The risk of recurrence is 0.05% and this percentage goes higher if the first child has Down syndrome.
What are other investigations needed for Down syndrome?
Investigations may also depend on the babyβs appearance
What is the treatment of Down syndrome?
Treatment depends on the age of the baby and his individual needs. However, half of the babies with Down syndrome have congenital heart defects, thus they need to be treated by a pediatric cardiologist. Some cases donβt even need treatment, others need medications and surgery
What is the prenatal diagnosis of Down syndrome?
A-screening tests like blood tests That measure protein and hormone levels in pregnant women or by ultrasound.
B- diagnostic tests like CVS (small biopsy from the placenta) or amniocentesis (A sample is taken from the amniotic sac that surrounds the baby)
What are the symptoms of diabetec polyneuropathy?
complaining of burning sensation in both feet, hyperesthesia on both feet and diminished deep sensation.
What are the causes of diabetic polyneuropathy?
Diabetic neuropathy is caused by high blood sugar levels sustained over a long period of time. Other factors can lead to nerve damage, such as:
- damage to the blood vessels caused by high cholesterol levels
- mechanical injury, such as injuries caused by carpal tunnel syndrome
- lifestyle factors, such as smoking or alcohol use
- HIV, INH, thyroid disorders, and vitamin B deficiency
What are the steps of the evaluation of diabetic Polyneuropathy?
Along with the physical exam, your doctor may perform or order specific tests to help diagnose diabetic neuropathy, such as: 1 Filament test. ... 2 Sensory testing. ... 3 Nerve conduction testing. ... 4 Muscle response testing. ... 5 Autonomic testing. 6 EMG 7 Vitamin B deficiency test
