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Classics > CBC > Flashcards

CBC Flashcards

1
Q

When was the Parthenon started?

A

447BC began building under Pericles’ decree.

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2
Q

Who was Gorgias?

A
  • Wrote the Encomium of Helen
  • Taught Rhetoric + Debating + Logic
  • Made lots of money teaching
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3
Q

What does the Parthenon’s structure tell us about Athenian politics?

A
  • The building is an expression of individuality but also democracy.
  • The pillars all lean in and would meet 1 mile up.
  • Every stone used is built with a specific spot and purpose, highlighting the extravagance and collaborative nature of the structure.
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4
Q

What was the role of a Hetaira in Athenian Society?

A
  • A female foreigner (Metic) most similar to high class escort in modern terms.
  • Could become wealthy as they also taught public speaking.
  • A key example of a famous Hetairai is is Aspasia, Pericles’ hetaira who is said to have had great influence over him.
  • Possible example is Medea, a foreign, well-spoken and intelligent woman.
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5
Q

What was Pericles’ ‘Funeral Oration’?

A
  • Very rhetorical speech by Pericles, recorded by Thucydides.
  • “Any citizen or stranger who pleases, joins in the procession.”
  • “Our city draws the produce of the world into our harbour.”
  • “We throw open our city to the world”
  • “Never by alien acts exclude foreigners from any opportunity of learning or observing”
  • “Greatest will be hers who is least talked of among the men whether for good or for bad.”
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6
Q

What was Aristophanes’ ‘The Clouds’?

A
  • 423BC
  • Hyperbolic comedy poking fun of Socrates.
  • Primarily concerned with education + Sophists.
  • Students study astrology with their asses in the air.
  • Ends with Strepsiades re-asserting the gods “Revenge for the injured gods!”
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7
Q

What does the Centauromachy metope depict?

A
  • A battle between the Lapiths and Centaurs, wherein the centaurs got drunk and tried to rape a bride.
  • Highlights the barbaric nature of other cultures and provides a contrast to civilised Athens.
  • Southern metope.
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8
Q

Who was Hippias?

A
  • Invented natural law (nomos)
  • Made a fortune teaching
  • Unchanging moral principles
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9
Q

What does the Gigantomachy metope depict?

A
  • The battle between the Gods and the Giants.
  • Possible interpretation of the overriding importance of the Gods, their power and value in Athenian society.
  • Eastern metope.
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10
Q

What was the ‘Mutilation of the Herms’?

A
  • 415BC
  • Phalluses were broken off of the herms (statue of Hermes) on the night before expedition to Sicily.
  • Socrates possibly associated.
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11
Q

What does the Parthenon’s Western pediment depict?

A
  • Athene and Poseidon in public, democratic debate, in front of a crowd, over who will be the patron god of Athens.
  • Poseidon offers the gift of a spring whereas Athene offers olives.
  • Surrounded by minor gods that represent parts of Athenian life and landscape.
  • Presented as competing for Athens’ best interests.
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12
Q

How was Socrates associated with Alcibiades?

A

During Peloponnesian war Socrates is said to have saved the life of Alcibiades, a notorious figure who defected to Sparta.

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13
Q

How was Socrates’ murder perhaps unjustified?

A
  • He’d fought bravely for Athens.
  • His murder is a betrayal of Periclean values.
  • He simply sought logical conclusions, and political and ethical truths.
  • He was a loyal citizen of Athens, willing to abide by its laws, even as they put him to death.
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14
Q

What was Plato’s ‘Euthyphro Dialogue’?

A
  • 399BC
  • “What is agreeable to the gods is holy, and what is not agreeable is unholy”
  • Socrates and Euthyphro debate holiness and ethics.
  • Socrates is presented as logical and seeking the truth
  • Socrates challenges the gods but does not reject them.
  • Plato admired Socrates making this presentation biased?
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15
Q

What offences was Socrates charged with?

A
  • “Corrupting the youth”

- “not believing in the gods in whom the city believes, but in other daimonia that are novel”

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16
Q

What are Diodotus’ arguments against Mytilene’s punishment?

A
  • “haste usually goes hand in hand with folly, passion with coarseness and narrowness of mind.” To act quickly and emotionally is to risk great error of judgement.
  • “the question is not justice, but how to make the Mytilenians useful to Athens.” By killing the Mytilenians their future returns are forever lost.
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17
Q

What occured over the 5 days of the City Dionysia?

A

Day 1: -A march to the Theatre of Dionysus and a feast were held. They drank and went on a drunken revelry in the name of Komos (god of revelry).
Day 2: -The proagon decided the Judges, orphans of dead soldiers were paraded and gifts, weapons and Delian League takings paraded and presented on stage.
Day 3-5: -3 Tragedies performed a day, a Satyr play was performed in appreciation of nature and 5 comedies were performed.

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18
Q

What does Aristophanes’ ‘Thesmophoriazusae’ tell us about attitudes towards women?

A
  • In regards to Euripides “Does he not style us adulterous, lecherous, bibulous, treacherous and garrulous?”
  • “They look at us doubtfully and go searching every nook fearing there may be some hidden lover.”
  • “We are shut up behind bolts and bars”
19
Q

Did Socrates receive payment for teaching?

A
  • Xenophon and Aristophanes state Socrates received payment
  • Plato denied payment
  • However, Plato’s legitimacy challenged as he did admire Socrates
20
Q

What was Plato’s Apology?

A
  • 399BC
  • Final judgement of Socrates’ defence
  • “Let that turn out as God wills, I must obey the law and make any defence.”
  • Socrates appears honourable and respectful yet is repeatedly interrupted.
  • Socrates also pokes fun at his opponents: Miletus from Pitthus who has no beard.
21
Q

When was Socrates sentenced to death?

A

399BC

22
Q

What are Cleon’s arguments for the punishment of Mytilene?

A
  • “democracy is incapable of empire” Athens must be strong if it wishes to be an empire.
  • “very slaves to the pleasure of the ear” Rhetoriticians and sophists are misleading.
  • “the penalty of rebellion is death.” Athens must be merciless to remain strong.
  • “bad laws which are never changed are better for a city than good ones that have no authority” Connection to Antigone, God’s law vs Man’s law.
23
Q

What does the Parthenon’s Eastern pediment depict?

A
  • The birth of Athene, out of Zeus’ head.
  • Suggests that Athens’ patron god was born directly from Zeus.
  • Symbolic of the birth of Athens, favoured by the gods, as a new power.
24
Q

What is the Erechtheion?

A
  • Finished in 405BC.
  • Holds the Athene-Polias statue inside, might have been made of wood, ancient. Draped in the peplos at the end of the Panathenaic procession.
  • Caryatids on the outside have an unknown purpose yet suggest an importance of women in religious festivals.
25
Q

Who was Xenophanes?

A
  • A thelogian Sophist who believed in only one god

- Believed gods reflected appearance of their makers

26
Q

What was the role of a Citizen wife in Athenian Society?

A
  • Ran the households, and bore and raised children.
  • Electra is a somewhat typical average housekeeper.
  • Glauce is a traditional/stereotypical royal wife, pretty, light-hearted and unconcerned.
  • Medea is a perfect example of what an Athenian woman shouldn’t be.
  • Antigone is used as a mouthpiece for religious belief, suggesting women had a religious value.
27
Q

Who was Protagoras?

A
  • Influential Sophist
  • Reality is relative
  • Man is the measure of all things”
  • Considered to be an atheist
28
Q

What was The Mytilene Debate?

A
  • 427BC at the start of the Peloponnesian war between Athens and Sparta.
  • Agon between Cleon and Diodotus. Cleon sends a trireme to punish the people of the island of Lesbos for wanting to become independent of the Delian League.
  • A day later Diodotus calls for mercy and is victorious, another trireme is sent and stops the slaughter.
29
Q

What is Elenchus?

A

Elenchus is the Socratic method, an argumentative dialogue based on asking and asnwering questions to stimulate critical thinking, draw out ideas and underlying presumptions.

30
Q

What does the Sacking of Troy metope depict?

A
  • The Greeks sacking and pillaging Troy.
  • Possible interpretation of Athenian prowess in battle, especially over the previously unconquerable and unity.
  • Northern metope.
31
Q

What was the Thesmophoria?

A
  • An annual wife only festival. Virgins not allowed.
  • Contents unknown however vases depict women throwing pigs into holes and phallic objects.
  • Suggested women partook in obscene speech at these events
32
Q

What is the Propylaia?

A
  • Finished in 432BC.
  • Built as a gateway into the Acropolis.
  • Ceiling painted blue with stars.
  • Politically protective of the Acropolis and makes it appear heavenly/religiously important.
33
Q

Who was Pericles?

A
  • ‘The First Citizen’ of democratic Athens
  • Transformed his city’s alliances into an empire
  • Created the Parthenon and other grand cultural buildings.
  • Led Athens into the Peloponnesian war, a near victory defeated by disease which took his life.
34
Q

What is the Inner-Frieze?

A
  • A continues 160x1m continues structure around the outside of the Cella.
  • Depicts an idealised version of the panathenaic procession: Leading animals to sacrifice, races, games, women and children included, the draping of Athene-Polias in the peplos.
35
Q

How was Socrates presented in Aristophanes’ ‘The Clouds’?

A
  • Appears on the Deus Ex Machina (reserved for the gods in drama)
  • Receives payment for teaching.
  • Teaches absurd practices and undermines the gods.
  • “Zeus? Who’s Zeus? What rubbish you talk!”
  • “Vortex is King!”
36
Q

Who was Heraclitus?

A
  • “No man steps in the same river twice.”

- “Ever present change is the fundamental essence of the universe”

37
Q

What are some defences that were used in Gorgias’ ‘Encomium of Helen’?

A
  • She was deceived and therefore cannot be completely blamed.
  • She was controlled by destiny.
  • Paris might be at blame and not Helen.
  • Language is incredibly powerful as it induces feelings, she might’ve been persuaded.
38
Q

How did Socrates’ association with Critias appear?

A
  • Critias was a violent member of the notorious thirty tyrant.
  • Made Socrates appear guilty by association
39
Q

What does the Amazonomachy metope depict?

A
  • A battle between Athenians and Amazons.
  • Potential interpretations are of a symbolic rise of civilization.
  • Also potential control over sexuality/femininity.
  • Western metope.
40
Q

When was the Mytilene Debate?

A

427BC

41
Q

When was the Propylaia built?

A

432BC

42
Q

When was the Erectheion built?

A

405BC

43
Q

When was Aristophanes’ ‘The Clouds’ performed?

A

423BC

Classics (1 decks)

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