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Combined Science Edexcel Gcse Biology > CB5 Health And Disease > Flashcards

CB5 Health And Disease Flashcards

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1
Q

What is health

A

A state of complete physical, mental and social wellbeing

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2
Q

What is meant by the term communicable diseases?

A

Diseases that can be passed from organism to organism

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3
Q

What is meant by the term non-communicable disease

A

Diseases that are not passed from organism to organism

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4
Q

What is a pathogen

A

A microorganism that causes diseases

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5
Q

What are the four pathogens

A

Bacterium, virus, protist, fungi

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6
Q

How does a bacterium pathogen make you feel ill

A

It releases toxins that makes us feel ill and some types of bacteria invade and destroy body cells

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7
Q

How does a virus pathogen make you feel ill

A

Viruses take over the body cells DNA causing the cell to make toxins or causing damage when new viruses are released from cells

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8
Q

What type of pathogen is cholera

A

Bacterium

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9
Q

What are the symptoms of cholera

A

Watery pale coloured diarrhoea often in large amounts

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10
Q

What type of pathogen is malaria

A

Protist

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11
Q

What are the symptoms of malaria

A

Fever, weakness and chills, sweating

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12
Q

What type of pathogen is HIV

A

Virus

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13
Q

What are the symptoms of HIV

A

Flu-like symptoms, often no symptoms for a long time

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14
Q

What type of pathogen is tuberculosis

A

Bacterium

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15
Q

What are the symptoms of tuberculosis

A

Lung damage seen in blood speckled mucus, weight loss, fever and chills, night sweats

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16
Q

What type of pathogen is chalara ash die back

A

Fungus

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17
Q

What are the symptoms of chalara ash die back

A

Leaf loss, bark lesions, dieback of the top of the tree

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18
Q

How is cholera spread

A

Water

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19
Q

How can cholera be prevented

A

Boil water to kill bacteria before drinking, wash hands thoroughly after using the toilet to prevent spread by touch

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20
Q

How is tuberculosis spread

A

Airborne

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21
Q

How to prevent the spread of tuberculosis

A

Ventilate buildings to reduce the chance of breathing in bacteria in droplets of mucus coughed out by an infected person, diagnose infected people promptly and give antibiotics to kill TB, isolate infected people

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22
Q

How is malaria spread

A

Mosquito as a vector

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23
Q

How to prevent the spread of malaria

A

Killing mosquitoes and using nets

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24
Q

How is chalara ash die back spread

A

Airborne

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25
Q

How to prevent the spread of chalara ash die back

A

Remove infected trees

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26
Q

How is chlamydia and HIV spread

A

Contact with sexual fluid or mother to foetus

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27
Q

What type of pathogen is chlamydia

A

Bacterial

28
Q

How are STIs prevented

A

Condoms, screening blood and people, sterile needles (HIV), antibiotics(chlamydia)

29
Q

What are examples of physical barriers

A

Mucus, cilia and skin

30
Q

What are examples of chemical defences

A

Lysozyme and hydrochloric acid

31
Q

How is mucus a barrier

A

It is sticky in the breathing passages and lungs and traps pathogens

32
Q

How is cilia a barrier

A

It moves the mucus that traps pathogens away from the lungs

33
Q

How is skin a barrier

A

It is too thick for pathogens to get through

34
Q

How is lysozyme a defence

A

Its enzyme in tears kills bacteria by digesting its cell walls

35
Q

How is hydrochloric acid a defence

A

It kills pathogens in food and drinks

36
Q

Step 1 of the immune system

A

Each pathogen has a unique antigen on its surface

37
Q

Step 2 of the immune system

A

A lymphocyte releases an antibody that fits the antigen and is activated

38
Q

Step 3 of the immune system

A

The lymphocyte divides many times to produce clones of identical lymphocytes

39
Q

Step 4 of the immune system

A

Some of the lymphocytes produce lots of antibodies that stick to the pathogen and destroy it, others stay in the blood as memory lymphocytes ready to respond if the same antigen returns

40
Q

What is an antigen

A

A protein on the surface of a pathogen

41
Q

What is an antibody

A

A protein produced by lymphocytes that attaches to a specific antigen on a microorganism and helps destroy or neutralise it

42
Q

What is a lymphocyte

A

A white blood cell that produces antibodies to kill antigens

43
Q

What is a memory lymphocytes

A

They can recognise an antigen introduced into the body from a prior vaccination or infection

44
Q

How do vaccines work step 1

A

Dead or weakened antigens from the pathogen are inserted

45
Q

How do vaccines work step 2

A

The persons lymphocytes produce antibodies against the pathogen and memory lymphocytes to respond if the pathogen returns

46
Q

How do vaccines work step 3

A

If the real antigen returns the memory lymphocytes will give a rapid secondary response

47
Q

How do antibiotics work

A

They kill bacteria inside the body

48
Q

Why do antibiotics only kill bacterial diseases

A

They inhibit cell processes in the bacterium but not host organism

49
Q

New medicines development and testing stage 1

A

Discovery

50
Q

New medicines development and testings stage 2

A

Pre clinical testing in the lab. Drugs are tested in the lab to make sure it gets into the cells without harming them and damages pathogens inside cells

51
Q

New medicine development and testing stage 3

A

Clinical testing step 1. A healthy volunteer is given a small dose to ensure it isn’t harmful

52
Q

New medicines development and testing stage 4

A

Clinical testing step 2. People with the disease are given the drug to test efficacy and optimum dose

53
Q

Factors that affect the risk of developing non communicable diseases

A

Genes, age, sex, lifestyle, environmental factors

54
Q

How does alcohol cause liver disease

A

Ethanol is poisonous and is in alcohol. When it is absorbed from the gut and goes down to the liver to be broken down the liver is directly in contact with the toxins in ethanol

55
Q

How does smoking cause cardiovascular disease

A

Substances in cigarettes can narrow blood vessels

56
Q

Equation for BMI

A

Kg/metres2

57
Q

Wait:hip ratio

A

Someone with a high waist hip ratio is more at risk of non communicable diseases

58
Q

What lifestyle changes can tame cardiovascular disease

A

Stop smoking, loose weight, exercise

59
Q

Pros of lifestyle changes

A

No side effects, can reduce the chance of other conditions, cheap

60
Q

Cons of lifestyle changes

A

May take time and not actually work

61
Q

How can medication tame cardiovascular disease

A

Reduces blood pressure

62
Q

Pros of medication

A

Starts working immediately, easy, cheap

63
Q

Cons of medication

A

Needs to be taken long term, side effects, clashes with other medication

64
Q

How can surgery tame cardiovascular disease

A

A new blood vessel is inserted to bypass blocked coronary arteries

65
Q

Pros of surgery

A

Long term solution

66
Q

Cons of surgery

A

Risk of recovery, expensive, difficult, can develop an infection afterwards

Combined Science Edexcel Gcse Biology (1 decks)

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