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Biology > CB1- Key Concepts In Bilology > Flashcards

CB1- Key Concepts In Bilology Flashcards

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1
Q

Eukaryotes

A

Cells which have Nuclei such as plant and animal cells

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2
Q

Prokaryotes

A

Cells that don’t have a nuclei such as bacteria.

Instead they have free DNA floating around in the cell.

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3
Q

Nucleus function?

A

Contains DNA and controls activities of the cell.

This genetic material is arranged into chromosomes.

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4
Q

Cell membrane function?

A

Controls what goes in and out of the cell.

Holds the cell together.

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5
Q

Mitochondria

A

Where aerobic respiration occurs and releases energy.

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6
Q

Ribosomes function?

A

Where proteins are made in protein synthesis

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7
Q

Cytoplasm

A

Where chemical reactions take place

It contains enzymes that control these chemical reactions

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8
Q

Chloroplasts

A 
Contains chlorophyll (a green substance) to absorbe sunlight. 
Where photosynthesis occurs which makes food for the plant.
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9
Q

Vacuole

A

Contains sap and water which keeps the cell rigid (Maintains internal pressure) to support the cell.

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10
Q

Cell wall

A

Made of cellulose for strength and support to stop the cell from bursting. On outside of plant cell.

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11
Q

Plant cells have…

A 
Nucleus 
Cytoplasm 
Cell membrane 
Mitochondria 
Ribosomes 
And
Cell wall
Large vacuole 
Chloroplasts
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12
Q

Animal cells have…

A 
Nucleus 
Cytoplasm 
Cell membrane 
Mitochondria 
Ribosomes
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13
Q

Microscopes Different parts:

A 
Eyepiece lense
Objective lense 
Stage 
Focusing wheel 
Fine focus 
Base 
Mirror or light
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14
Q

What are the differences between old microscopes and a modern one?

A

Hookes microscope has a resolution of 0.002 mm only one objective lense and a lower resolution and magnification than a light microscope resolution of 0.0001 mm.
An electron microscope is better than both of these with the highest resolution and magnification this allows it to see multicellular structures such as mitochondria.

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15
Q

Magnification is…

A

How many times bigger the image is compared to real life

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16
Q

Resolution is…

A

Smallest distance between two points that can be seen as two separate points.

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17
Q

What should a cell always be measured in and why?

A

In mm

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18
Q

Magnification calculation:

A

Actual size = image size

Magnification

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19
Q

Osmosis definition

A

Is the movement of water molecules across a partially permeable membrane. From an area of high concentration to low concentration (down the concentration gradient)
Only tiny molecules like water can pass through and sucrose cannot

20
Q

Active transport definition

A

The movement of (mineral) particles across a membrane from an area of low concentration to an area of high concentration (against the concentration gradient)
Unlike the others this requires energy from respiration

21
Q

Concentration

A

Amount

22
Q

Diffusion (passive process)

A

Is the movement of (gas) particles from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration
Only small molecules such as glucose, amino acids, water and oxygen
Starch and protein can’t fit through the membrane.

23
Q

Active transport examples:

A

1) when there is a higher concentration of nutrients in the gut than In the blood, the nutrients diffuse naturally into the blood.
2) But - sometimes there is sometimes a lower concentration of nutrients in the gut than in the blood.
3) AT - allows nutrients to be taken into the blood despite the fact the concentration gradient is the wrong way. This is essential to stop us from starving.

24
Q

Turgid cell

A

Water enters by osmosis - vacuole swells and pushes against the cell wall.

25
Q

Flaccid cell

A

Water is lost from the cell and becomes.

26
Q

Bacterial cells have…

A

Sub-cellular structures:
- chromosomal DNA controls the cells activities and replication
And floats free In the cytoplasm
- ribosomes
- cell membrane
- plasmid DNA - small loops of extra DNA that aren’t part of the chromosome.
- flagellum rotates to make bacterium move away from toxins and towards beneficial things like nutrients or oxygen.

27
Q

Egg cell

A

Specialised for its function :
Carries female DNA and nurse is the developing embryo in the early stages.
1) contains nutrients in the cytoplasm to feed the embryo
2) has a haploid nucleus
3) straight after fertilisation, membrane changes structure to stop,any More sperm getting in. This makes sure the offspring end up with the right amount of DNA.

28
Q

Sperm cell

A

Function of a sperm cell is:
To transport the males DNA to the females egg.
1) A sperm cell has a long tail so it can swim to the egg
2) it has lots of mitochondria in the middle section the provide energy (from respiration) needed to swim this distance.
3) Acrosome - at the front of the head where it stores enzymes to digest It’s way through the membrane of the egg cell.
4) contains a haploid nucleus.

29
Q

Ciliated epithelial cells

A

Specialised for moving materials

1) line the surface of organs
2) some have cilia (hair like structures) on the top surface of the cell.
3) the function of these (CEC) is to move substances - the cilia best to move substances in one direction, along the surface of the tissue.
4) for example -lining the airways contain lots of (CEC) these help to move mucus up to the throat so it can be swallowed and doesn’t reach the lungs.

30
Q

Sexual reproduction

A

In sexual reproduction the nucleus of the egg cell fuses with the nucleus of the sperm cell to create a fertilised egg, which develops into an embryo. Both have haploid nucleus’s meaning when they fuse create a diploid cell that has the correct number of chromosomes.

31
Q

Magnification calculation:

A

Magnification = image size

Real size

32
Q

Total magnification =

A

Eyepiece lens magnification x objective lens magnification

33
Q

Converting units - standard form
Down- times
Back- divide

A 
Unit Symbol Equivalent in 

metres (m) 
Equivalent in 

metres (m) 
centimetre cm 0.01 10-
2 
millimetre mm 0.001 10-
3 
micrometre µm 0.000 001 10-
6 
nanometre nm 0.000 000 001 10-
9 
picometre pm 0.000 000 000 001 10-
12
34
Q

Enzymes

A

enzymes are proteins which act as a biological catalysts which speeds up a reactions whilst still remaining chemically unchanged.

35
Q

For an enzyme to work…

A

The substrate has to fit into the active site. If the substrates shape doesn’t match the active sites shape then the reaction won’t be catalysed. This is called the lock and key mechanism because the substrate fits into the enzyme just like a key fits into a lock.

36
Q

Lock and key hypothesis

A

Specific enzyme for a specific substrate

37
Q

Enzymes Catalyse reactions.

A

The substrate binds to the active site which is complementary in shape. This creates an enzyme substrate complex and the enzyme a product whilst remaining chemically unchanged.

38
Q

Enzyme action:

Temperature

A

Changing the temperature changes the rate of the enzyme catalysed reaction like with any reaction a higher temperature increases the rate at first but if it gets too hot some of the bonds holding the enzyme together break. This changes the shape of the enzymes active site so the substrate won’t fit anymore The enzyme is said to be denatured. All enzymes have an optimum temperature that they work best at.

39
Q

Enzyme action:

PH

A

The pH also affects enzymes. If it’s too high or too low the pH interferes with the bonds holding the enzyme together. This changes the shape of the active site and denatures the enzyme. All enzymes have an optimum pH that they work best that it’s often a neutral pH seven but not always e.g. pepsin is an enzyme used to break down proteins in the stomach it works best at PH to which means it’s well suited to the acidic conditions there.

40
Q

Enzyme action:

Substrate concentration

A

Substrate concentration also affects the rate of reaction – the higher the substrate concentration the faster the reaction. This is because it’s more likely that the enzyme will meet up and react with the substrate molecule. This is only true up to a point though after that there are many substrate molecules that enzymes have about as much as they can cope with all the active site and adding more makes no difference.

41
Q

How to calculate the rate of a reaction.

A

Rate = 1000

Time

42
Q

Enzymes break down big molecules:

A

Proteins, lipids and carbohydrates are big molecules.
Important organisms can break these down into their smaller components so they can be used for growth and life processes.

43
Q

Enzymes breaking down food

A

Many of the molecules in the food we eat are too big to pass through the walls of the digestive system so the digestive enzymes break them down into smaller soluble molecules. These can pass easily through the walls of the digestive system allowing them to be absorbed into the bloodstream. They can then pass on to cells to be used by the body

44
Q

Enzymes in plants

A

Plant store energy in the form starch (a carbohydrate) when plants need energy enzymes break down starch into smaller molecules sugars. These can be respired to transfer energy to be used by the cells.

45
Q

Different types of enzymes break down (carbohydrates) proteins and lipids

A

Enzymes called carbohydrases convert carbohydrates into simple sugars e.g. amylase didn’t examples of carbohydrates it breaks down starch into maltose and of the sugars.

46
Q

Enzymes such as protease…

A

Proteases convert proteins into amino acid‘s

47
Q

Lipases break down

A

Lipases convert lipids into glycerol and fatty acid

Biology (2 decks)

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