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cb1 Flashcards

- Microscopes - Plant&Animal cells - Specialised cells - Inside Bacteria - Enzymes&Nutrition - Enzyme action & activity - Osmosis (transporting substances)

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1
Q

MICROSCOPES

A

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2
Q

What determines how good a microscope is at showing small details?

A

the resolution of the microscope

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3
Q

What is meant by the resolution of the microscope?

A

the smallest distance between two points that can still appear as two separate points.

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4
Q

What has the developments of the electron microscope allowed us to do?

A

Allows us to see cells with great detail and clarity

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5
Q

What units are used for small sizes?

A

millimetre (mm), micrometre (μm) nanometre (nm), picometre (pm)

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6
Q

What number would each figure be divided by to get to the next unit?

A

divide by 1000

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7
Q

PLANT AND ANIMAL CELLS

A

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8
Q

What is the meaning of the term ‘Eukaryotic’ cells

A

A cell with a nucleus

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9
Q

Name 3 features in a plant cell that animal cells do not have and their functions.

A
  1. Cell wall: Made of cellulose, supports and protects the cell
  2. Chloroplast: Contain chlorophyll, which traps energy transferred from the sun. The energy is used for photosynthesis
    3.Vacuole: Plant cells have a large, permanent vacuole which stores cell sap and helps to keep the cell firm and rigid
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10
Q

How can you estimate the size of a cell/its parts?

A

If you know the diameter of the light microscope field of view, you can estimate how many of the thing fit in it and then deivide.

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11
Q

Name the sub-cellular structures in a plant and animal cell.

A
  • Cell Membrane (cell bouncer & separater)
  • Cytoplasm (where most cell activity occurs)
  • Mitochondria (where aerobic respiration occurs)
  • Nucleus (controls the cell and activities, holds chromosomes (DNA))
  • Ribosomes (live in cytoplasm, make new protiens for the cell, impossible to see)
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12
Q

SPECIALISED CELLS

A

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13
Q

How are some specialised cells adapted to their function?

A

They are adapted by having membranes with many tiny folds (called microvilli) The adaptations increase the surface area of the cell. The more area for molecules to be absorbed the faster the absorption happens

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14
Q

What is the function of a gamete?

A

Fusion with another gamete to create a cell that develops into an embryo. Typical gamete contains one copy of the 23 diff chromosomes.

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15
Q

Whats the difference between diploid and haploid cells

A

Cells with two sets of chromosomes are diploid and those with one copy are haploid

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16
Q

What is the function of cilia?

A

Similar to short sperm cell tails that wave from side to side to sweep substances along.

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17
Q

Why did oviduct cells adapt for this function?

A

Cells in the lining of the oviduct transport egg cells (or developing embryos after fertilisation) towards the uterus. The oviduct cells are adapted for this function by having hair-like cilia.

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18
Q

Explain why egg cells do not need a tail but sperm cells do.

A

Egg cells get moved to the places it needs to be by cilia in the oviduct, instead of swimming like a sperm cell does so doesn’t need to power itself through.

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19
Q

State whether egg and sperm cells are haploid or diploid?

A

Sperm and egg cells are haploid cells as they only have one set of chromosomes each

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20
Q

INSIDE BACTERIA

A

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21
Q

What are the functions of the sub cellular structures in bacteria?

A

Flagellum spins around like a propeller so the bacteria can move.

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22
Q

What is meant by the term Prokaryotic cell

A

Prokaryotic means that their cells do not have nuclei or chromosomes. Bacteria are prokaryotic cells.

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23
Q

How do we change numbers to standard form?

A

For numbers greater than zero (e.g 1150000) count how many times you would have to move the unit to the right until you form a number between 1 and 10 (e.g 6 times) Write this number as the power of 10. Insert the decimal point after 1st digit and remove the zeros (e.g 1.15 x 10^6) For numbers less than zero, do the same but to the left and end up with a negative power and NO decimal points (e.g 0.00000007 = 7 x 10^-8)

24
Q

How do you change numbers from standard form?

A

Take the number (e’g 1.15 x 10^6) and use the index to count how many spaces you need to move the digits, in this case 6. Move the digits and fill in the remaining spaces with zeros

25
Q

What are the different parts of a bacterial cell?

A
  • Flagellum (is not covered in a membrane and not all bacteria have them, some have many)
  • Chromosomal DNA
  • Slime coat (for protection - not all have)
  • flexible cell wall (for support - N.A.H)
  • cell membrane
  • Cytoplasm (contains ribsomes)
26
Q

ENZYMES AND NUTRITION

A

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27
Q

What are enzymes made of?

A

Each enzyme is made from proteins made of these twisting and folding amino acids

28
Q

What do enzymes do?

A

digestive enzymes turn large molecules in our food into smaller sub-units they are made of.

29
Q

Why are enzymes important for life?

A

Enzymes are biological catalysts that increase the rate of reactions.

30
Q

What is meant by the term synthesis?

A

Building large molecules from smaller sub-units is known as synthesis.

31
Q

Which small molecules make up the following large molecules?
- carbohydrates
- proteins
- lipids

A
  • glucose -> starch
  • amino acids -> protein molecule
    fatty acids -> lipid molecule
32
Q

what is meant by the terms substrate and products?

A

Substrate = the substance the enzymes work on.
Products = the substances that are produces
(e.g amylase - substrate = starch, products = small sugars like maltose)

33
Q

Name 2 processes that are controlled by enzymes in the human body?

A

respiration and digesting food

34
Q

Suggest what will happen in the cells of someone who does not make phenylanine hydroxylase

A

They would be unable to break down the amino acid phenylanine which can result in nerve and brain damage

35
Q

Define the term biological catalyst

A

A substance found in living organisms that speeds up reactions

36
Q

Which type of smaller molecule are enzymes built from?

A

proteins -> amino acids

37
Q

ENZYME ACTION AND ACTIVITY

A

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38
Q

What is the function of the active site of an enzyme?

A

The active site is where the substrate of the enzyme fits at the start of a reaction

39
Q

Why do enzymes only work on specific substrates?

A

Different substrates have different 3D shapes and different enzymes have active sites of different shapes, The active site has to fit the specific substrate.

40
Q

How do enzymes become denatures?

A

Changes in pH or temperature can affect how the protein folds up, and so can affect the shape of the active site. If the shape of the active site changes too much, the substrate will no longer fit neatly so the enzyme will no longer catalyse the reaction. This means the enzyme has been denatured.

41
Q

What is the lock and key model?

A

A diagram of how enzymes work, showing how enzymes and substrates fit together and how denaturing effects this process.Wh

42
Q

What is meant by enzyme specificity?

A

Each different type of enzyme will usually act on only one substrate to catalyse one biological reaction. Enzymes are specific. because different enzymes have differently shaped active sites.

43
Q

How and why is enzyme activity affected by TEMPERATURE?

A

As the temperature increases, molecules move faster. Higher speeds= increased likelihood of substrate molecules bumping into enzyme molecules and slotting into active sites.
when temp gets too high, the shape of the enzyme starts to change so it becomes more difficult for a substrate to fit into active site

44
Q

How and why is enzyme activity affected by pH?

A

At pH below and above the optimum, the shape of the active site is affected and so the enzyme does not work well

45
Q

How and why is enzyme activity affected by SUBSTRATE CONCENTRATION?

A

At high concentrations, most enzyme active sites contain substrate molecules and the rate of reaction is as fast as it can be.
At low concentrations, many enzyme molecules have empty active sites so rate of reaction is slow.

46
Q

How do you calculate the rate of enzyme activity?

A

Rate = change / time

47
Q

What is meant by the term ‘optimum’

A

Optimum = the environment at which an enzyme works fastest. (e.g optimum temperature or optimum pH)

48
Q

TRANSPORTING SUBSTANCES

A

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49
Q

Define ‘Diffusion’

A

The random movement and spreading of particles. There is a net (overall) diffusion of particles from areas of high concetration to regoins of lower concentration

50
Q

Define ‘Osmosis’

A

The overall movement of solvent molecules in a solution across a partially permeable membrane, from a dilute solution to a more concentrated one.

51
Q

What is the difference between diffusion and osmosis?

A

Diffusion does not involve a semi permeable membrane, osmosis does. Osmosis involves solvent molecules in a solution, diffusion is used in gas and liquid. Diffusion is random movement and spreading, osmosis is specifically molecules that are allowed through the semi-permeable membrane.

52
Q

What is a concentration gradient?

A

A difference between two concentrations forms a concentration gradient.

53
Q

How do cells move against a concentration gradient?

A

Particles diffuse down a concentration gradient. The bigger the difference between concentrations, the steeper the concentration gradient and the faster diffusion occurs.

54
Q

How do you calculate percentage change in mass?

A

((final mass - initial mass) / initial mass) x 100

55
Q

What happens if a cell needs to transport molecules against a concentration gradient (diffusion) or transport molecules too big to diffuse through the cell membrane?

A

ACTIVE TRANSPORT. Transport proteins capture certain molecules and carry them across the cell membrane. This is an active process and so requires energy.

56
Q

What’s the difference between active and passive transport?

A

active transport requires energy, passive transport doesn’t

57
Q

Are osmosis and diffusion passive or active transport?

A

osmosis and diffusion are passive processes, so don’t require energy.

BIOLOGY (1 decks)

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