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Unit 1: Causes of World War > Causes of World War > Flashcards

Causes of World War Flashcards

1
Q

What happened 2 days before end of WW1

A

Kaiser Wilhelm abdicated the throne

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2
Q

Impact of Kaiser abdicating throne

A
  • end of German Empire
    -end of 500 year rule of House of Hohenzollern
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3
Q

What happened after Kaiser abdicated the throne

A
  • new German Republic formed, which was responsible for leading temporary government until elections could be held
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4
Q

Impact of January 1919 elections

A
  • Reichstag elected by universal suffrage, formation of coalition government, president had power over foreign policy and armed forces
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5
Q

Treaty of Versailles punishments

A

-Germany accept full responsility of war
-pay 6.6 billion Euros in reparations
- army was limited to 100,000 men and conscription was banned
- allowed no submarines

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6
Q

Why did the Weimar republic become known as the “November Criminals”

A
  • accepted ToV b/c had no choice-> decision gained inc. unpopularity and decreased support
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7
Q

political challenges for Weimar Republic

A

-Sparcist Uprising, Kapp Putsch and Munich Putsch

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8
Q

financial challenges for Weimar Republic

A

-failure to make reparation payments to French-> French occupied Ruhr region
- government printed more money-> hyperinflation-> prices ran out of control and German currency became worthless

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9
Q

recovery of Weimar republic stimulated by

A

-Stresemann ended hyperinflation by stopping printing of money
- Dawes Plan= US provided Germany with 800 million marks to kickstart economy
- Young Plan= reparation payments reduced and increased time to pay back

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10
Q

limitations of recovery

A
  • German economic recovery dependent on US loans
  • some Germans viewed cultural changes threat to traditional values
  • extremist parties e.g communists and nazis not removed and growing influence
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11
Q

impacts of Great depression on Germany

A
  • US Hawley-Smoot tariffs meant less German goods exported to US-> decreased profits
  • businesses closed down-> industrial production decreased by 58%
  • unemployment increased to 6.1 million and mass poverty
  • nazi and extreme political parties increased popularity
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12
Q

why did Britain not want another war

A
  • soldiers seen true horrors of war and psychological impacts e.g PTSD
  • economic devastation after great depression and WWI and not recovered
  • developed anti-war sentiment to avoid war
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13
Q

appeasement meaning

A
  • a diplomatic strategy focused on making concessions to an aggressive foreign power to avoid war
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14
Q

why did britain adopt policy of appeasement

A
  • GD caused massive unemployment
  • if another war occurred, colonies that Britain ruled might look to break away from britain
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15
Q

other factors for developing appeasement

A
  • sympathy for germany-> many felt ToV had been too Harsh and actions under Hitler were justified
  • fear of communism-> believed Hitler would be a good barrier to potential communist expansion
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16
Q

woodrow wilson’s 14 points

A
  • considerations when undertaking peace negotiations at end of war
  • # 14: creation of association of nations to protect mutual agreements and avoid conflict-> development of League of Nations
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17
Q

league of nations aims

A

-stop conflicts
- encourage disarmament
-improve life around the world by improving working conditions

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18
Q

weaknesses of league of nations

A
  • US not a member
  • no army to enforce decisions t/f X consequences
  • easy to withdraw from if nations not agree
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19
Q

US after WWI

A
  • desire to stay out of future conflict-> adopt policy of isolationism= commitment to avoiding involvement in other nations to avoid being drawn into war
  • advantage b/c geographically far away
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20
Q

-First Neutrality Act 1935

A
  • prohibited export of arms from US to foreign nations at war
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21
Q

Neutrality Act 1937

A
  • US citizens forbidden from travelling on belligerent ships
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22
Q

Neutrality Act 1939

A
  • ban on loans to belligerent nations
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23
Q

why was nazi-soviet pact unexpected

A

-hitler stated communism was main enemy
- both sides not like each other

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24
Q

what was nazi-soviet pact

A
  • a non aggression pact between Germany and Soviet Union created in 1939
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25
Q

what did the nazi-soviet pact promise

A
  • peace for 10 years between nations
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26
Q

what did soviet union get out of nazi-soviet pact

A
  • 200 million marks from germany
  • would get half of poland
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27
Q

why did soviet union agree to nazi-soviet pact

A
  • had tried for alliance with UK against germany h/w delayed response from britain
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28
Q

what did germany get out of nazi-soviet pact

A
  • raw materials e.g iron ore and timber-> support rearmament programme
  • avoid two-front war
  • left Poland isolated
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29
Q

why did the nazi-soviet pact give Hitler increased confidence to attack Poland

A
  • believed due to pact with strong alliance soviet union, the British would back down from guarantee to protect poland
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30
Q

secret element to nazi-soviet pact

A
  • poland would be split into half if war broke out
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31
Q

why did hitler want poland

A
  • wanted control of Danzig which was under control of League of Nations and Poland after ToV
  • create more living space
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32
Q

how and why did hitler invade poland

A
  • Hitler’s demands of taking control of poland were refused by polish
  • staged a set of series of polish attacks so could say act of self-defenses
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33
Q

ultimatum british gave germany

A

Demanded Germany withdraw troops from Poland h/w Germans refused

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34
Q

When did wwII start

A

September 3rd 1939

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35
Q

What did Britain and France do in response to the Nazi-soviet pact

A

Formed a military alliance

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36
Q

What was the Sudetenland

A

Region that contained parts of northern, southern and western Czechoslovakia

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37
Q

How many Germans lived in the Sudetenland

A

3 million

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38
Q

Who was henlein and what did he do

A
  • a german nationalist
  • Formed a political party called Sudetenland German party of Czechoslovakia
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39
Q

What did hitler do when hitler and heinlein met in secret

A

-ordered henlein to demand autonomy for Sudetenland knowing would be refused-> could use the refusal as a claim that 3 million Germans being mistreated by Czech government

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40
Q

What did the chamberlain do in response to hitters speech about Czechoslovakia

A

-agreed to hitters demands that any area in Czechoslovakia containing over 50% of German sudetans should be given to Germany
- Czech president agrees to Germany demands

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41
Q

What did hitler do whilst chamberlain convinced president of Czechoslovakia to agree

A
  • changed demands claiming wants entire Sudetenland and must be given to Germany by 1st October
  • increased concern over war breaking out in region
42
Q

What happened at the Munich agreement between 29th and 30th September

A

-Four countries agreed Germany should be allowed to occupy sudentalnd
- Hitler must agree to making no further demands for land in europe

43
Q

Why did Hitler want to control whole of Czech

A
  • felt Munich agreement only dealt with Germans in sudentaldn h/w still 2 million Germans living in Czech provinces of Bohemia and Moravia-> fulfil foreign policy aims
44
Q

What did Hitler do to justify his invasion of Czech

A

Claimed Czech government treating native Germans unfairly and German army needed to restore order

45
Q

How did Hitler gain control over Czechoslovakia without force

A
  • created a situation where forced president hacha to Berlin and demanded regions of Bohemia and Moravia be given to germany
  • otherwise German troops invade Czech and bomb Prague
  • hacha agreed to demand-> German troops marched into provinces and gained control
46
Q

Consequences of invasion of Czechoslovakia for Germany

A

-managed to work towards foreign policy aims of unifying all German speakers and increase living space
- gained access to Czech gold reserves which help fund armament programme
- Germany placed in strong geographic position to continue expansion east

47
Q

Consequences of invasion of Czechoslovakia: Britain and France

A
  • became convinced Hitler had lied during Munich agreement-> thought going to attack Poland next t/f made guarantee to protect Poland
  • claimed if Germany invaded Poland, would declare war
    -both nations ramped up rearmament programme
  • Britain reintroduced conscription
48
Q

International response to sino-Japanese war

A
  • League of Nations opened conference h/w decided against imposing sanctions on japan and only criticised Japanese actions
  • Australia refused to load pig iron onto ships to japan
  • UK + US citizens not placed any sanctions on japan despite witnessing horrors first hand
49
Q

Why did Japanese military adopt three alls policy and inpact

A

-second Japanese war= stalemate and angry at resistance shown by Chinese

  • 8 million Chinese civilian deaths
50
Q

Nanjing massacare

A

5th December 1937: Japanese almost encircle remaining Chinese troops and Chinese ready to surrender h/w b/c Japanese not accept surrender, prince ashaka issued men to kill all captives-> in 6 weeks deaths of 200-300k civilians and soliders

51
Q

Why did japan launch invasion of china

A
  • wanted to continue to build influence
  • skirmish broke out and claimed Chinese troops fired on men-> demanded for apology and china withdraw h/w refused-> war broke out
52
Q

What happened after Marco Polo bridge incident

A
  • japan took control of Beijing and tianjin-> gave japan access to valuable natural resources
    -invasion allowed them to assert dominance as pre-eminent Asian power
  • Chinese forces withdrew to south to build new defensive line at shanghai
53
Q

Strategy Chinese adopted

A

-knew that japan had much stronger army than them t/f attritional strategy of trading space for time-> be able to outlast enemy

54
Q

What did the Chinese declare the battle for shanghai as

A

War of self defence

55
Q

What did Chang Kai Shen order from troops during battle of shanghai

A

City of shanghai must be protected at all costs

56
Q

What happened at battle of shanghai

A

-Japanese army defeated Chinese forces after 4 moths
-japan losses= 60k
-china losses= 250k

57
Q

Battle of nanjing casualties

A

-japan= 1953 killed, 4994 wounded
-china= 10,000 casualties

58
Q

Why did the Japanese army have contempt for Chinese population

A
  • felt racially superior to china, viewed surrender as cowardly act
  • angry about level of resistance shown by Chinese forces
  • angry about lack of supplies and lack of rest and needed outlet for growing anger
59
Q

Hitlers foreign policy aims

A
  1. Destruction of treaty of Versailles
  2. Unite all German speakers to create greater Germany
  3. Increase living space to east of Germany
  4. Destroy communism
60
Q

Destruction of treaty of Versailles description

A

-Hitler blamed ToV for Germany’s troubles
- believed Germany should ignore and act against

61
Q

Unite all Germans speaking people description

A

-territorial changes due to ToV and lost 10% of land-> many Germans living outside of Germany
- Germany and Austria forbidden from uniting

62
Q

Increase living space for east of Germany description

A

-believed aryan Germans = racially superior to Slavs and Germany should expand into Slav lands to accomodate for increasing population

63
Q

Destroy communism description

A

-Hitler hated Soviet Union and ideology
-determined to destroy communism

64
Q

Hitlers key election promises x2

A
  • expand military
  • restore German glory after defeat in WWI and ToV
65
Q

What did Hitler demand at Geneva disarmament conference

A
  • demanded that other states disarm to German levels and if not, Germany had right to buildup army
  • western powers unwilling to agree-> Hitler withdrew from conference, League of Nations and began rebuilding
66
Q

What did Hitler do to army during rearmamanet programme

A

-increased army to 300k troops
-lutwaffle ordered to build 1000 war planes
ALL DONE IN SECRET

67
Q

What did Hitler do in 1935 with the army

A

-reintroduced conscription and announced Germans had been rearming
- army would increased to more than 500k men
- stated that army rebuild b/c other nations fail to disarm

68
Q

How much did Hitler spend on army and impact of this

A
  • 60 billion reichsmarks-> GDP increased from 1% to 20%
69
Q

Response from western powers: hitler’s rearmament

A

-Britain and France and LoN issued statements condemning actions h/w not do anything else
- Britain increased budget spending on Royal Navy
- powers worried another major European conflict break out if were to challenge German military h/w none prepared for it

70
Q

What did Hitler do remilitarise Rhineland

A
  • 7th march 1936, sent 32k German troops into demiliatarised zone of Rhineland
  • Germany was in control of Rhineland prior to ToV h/w later said no troops station there to protect France from German aggression
71
Q

Response from western powers: remilitarisation of Rhineland

A
  • France disagreed h/w no other response b/c facing political instability
  • many britains had sympathy’s for remilitarising b/c saw it as just moving into own backyard
72
Q

Reasons for remilitarisation

A
  • part of plan to abolish ToV
  • Rhineland= important industrial region that could aid German rearamanent plans
  • Hitler justified it as a defensive action in response to signing of Franco-soviet treaty
73
Q

What was the Anschluss

A

Unification of Germany and austria

74
Q

What Did Hitler demand from chancellor of Austria during Anschluss

A
  • allow Austria’s foreign and military policy to be co-ordinated by Germany
  • release Austrian Nazi who had been imprisoned
  • place Austrian Nazi in charge of policing security matters
75
Q

Because some of the demands during the Anschluss were not met, what did Hitler threaten and impact of this

A
  • Hitler warned if chancellor of Austria not resign, would invade Austria
  • chancellor then resigned-> Austria under control of Austrian nazis
76
Q

Reasons for Anschluss

A
  • helped Hitler work towards creating greater Germany by uniting all German speakers
  • increase size of German military by incorporating Australian military (100,000 men)
    -part of plan to abolish ToV
77
Q

Response from Britain and France:Anschluss

A
  • France and Britain not respond due to political instability
  • many not see problem of Australia and Germany unifying
  • anti-appeasers e.g Winston Churchill became alarmed at hitler’s actions and began to criticise British govt.
78
Q

What did japan realise during the opium wars (china v Britain)

A
  • industrialisation had given European nations big advantage including stronger economies and better military technology
    T/F must not fall behind European nations the way china had-> japan should follow western models of development+ maintain jap traditions to create modern industrial nation that could rival European nations
79
Q

What happened during Meiji restoration

A

-charter oath announced to create modern-nation state
- creation of national army in which all male citizens expected to serve
- japan embraced new technologies and pushed forward with industralisation

80
Q

What happened during first Dino-Japanese war

A

-conflict over control of Korea which was under control of china
- Korea= important b/c natural resources (coal and iron)
-> japan defeated Chinese and gain territory and payments from china

81
Q

What happened during Russo-Japanese war

A
  • conflict broke out over control for Manchuria and Korea b/w japan and Russia
  • japan defeat Russia on land and sea-> first time Asia power defeated euro power-> japan gained control of Korea and remove Russia as threat
82
Q

What did japan do during wwI

A
  • fight on side of allied forces
  • secured sea lanes used for transporting men
  • aided British offensives against germans
83
Q

What frustrated japan in ToV

A
  • had pushed for inclusion of Racial equality clause to remove influence of racism on international politics h/w rejectied-> given control of shangdong province
84
Q

Impact of Great Depression of japan

A

-economic depression->many businesses close down and financial crisis->value of Japanese goods dropped by 50%
- unemployment increased to 3 million
- dem. Elected govt fails to respond-> military becomes more involved in day to day running of state
- belief recovery from GD should be done by military expansion

85
Q

Why did japan target Manchuria

A
  • already had forces located in south
  • Manchuria rich in natural resources-> help with further expansion by military to recover from GD
  • successful invasion provide them with strong position to launch future invasion on rest of china
86
Q

Consequences of invasion of Manchuria

A
  • japan turned Manchuria into puppet state machukuo
  • japan left LoN w/o sanctions
  • provided them with resources to help support recover of economy and expansion of military
87
Q

Beliefs Hitler had after German defeat

A
  • hated new government for signing of treaty- stabbed Germany in back
  • felt Jews in army had encouraged surrender
88
Q

What was the DAP

A

-politicia group who advocated German nationalism, hostility towards ToV and changing culture of germany

89
Q

How did Hitler improve DAP

A

-renamed it to become Nazi Party
- responsible for recruitment, propaganda and speeches

90
Q

Nazi party 25 point programme key aspects

A
  • demand equality of rights for German people
  • abolish ToV
  • land and territory for survival of Germans
  • no Jews can be member of race
  • demand formation of strong central powers in the reich
91
Q

Munich putsch

A

-Nazi led revolution to overthrow Weimar republic

92
Q

Reasons Hitler launched Munich putsch

A
  • Nazi membership increased
  • Weimar Republic in crisis due to hyperinflation
  • had army avaliabile SA
93
Q

What happened because putsch failed

A

Hitler arrested

94
Q

Short term consequences of Munich putsch

A

-Nazi party banned
-Hitler put on trial and sent to prison

95
Q

Long term consequences of Munich putsch

A
  • Hitler sentenced reduced-> wrote autobiography in jail
    -realised never come to party by revolution but needed to use democratic means-> reorganised party so could compete in elections
96
Q

What did hitler’s policies focus on during rebuild

A

-anti communism
-anti-treaty of Versailles
-preserve traditional German problems

97
Q

Why did nazi party support inc

A
  • during economic depression, many ppl in poverty-> believed political parties offer solutions t.f Nazi party increased
  • as a result, Hitler demanded be made chancellor of Germany h/w rejected then later approved
98
Q

Reichstag fire details

A

-German reichstag burnt down-> Hitler convinces president needs to put in plan of emergency legislation to prevent communist uprising-> develop. Of reichstag fire devreee= limits person freedoms and suspension to right of assembly/

99
Q

Enabling act details

A

-Hitler proposed to present new emergency law be put in place to bring STABILITY BACK TO GERMANY FOR 4 YEARS-> give Nazi govt. 4 years of control over laws w/o consent of reichstag-> passed and removed opposition

100
Q

Night of long knives

A

-Hitler aware position vulnerable if lost support of wealthy Germans-> SA potentional threat to this-> destroyed SA meaning internal opposition removed, able to maintain support of German Army

Unit 1: Causes of World War (1 decks)

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