Causes of migration Flashcards
South Sudan seeing intense fighting
- 834000 fled to Uganda
- Stravation, burning villages and rape used as weapons of war
- 2.2 million fled homes
- Response UNMCR and UN Refugee agency set up protection desk at border to identify needs there
Jhadi Extremism
Islamic state+ Boko Haram operate in areas of W and N Africa
Climate change
-Drought and unpredictable rainfall =starvation and malnutrition
How many people on Africa and the middle east live in areas of failed harvest?
20 million
In south Sudan and Somalia how many people were forces to flee and find food and how many starved to death in 2011
- 100,000
- 250,000
In Somalia how many children suffer from acute malnutrition per year?
0.5 million children
By 2050 how many people will be displaced due to climate change?
200 million
What are the consequences of Water scarcity
People have to drink dirty water and catch dieses such as Cholera
What are the consequences of Desertification
Higher population density in marginal land and then there is less food produced and this intensifies famine
How many people are vulnerable to food shortages?
13.4 million
What temperature change has the been in the Sahel due to climate change
1-1.5 degrees
What are the push factors from home country?
- Low GDP
- no tax system
- low standard of living
- informal work
What are the pull factors from host countries?
- Higher paid jobs
- Religious freedom
- Stable government
- Education
- Remittances
- Media advertising
- Healthcare
- Welfare state
Who are Boko Harem and state facts about them?
- Islamist terrorist group
- Plagued the north-east of the country
- Captured international media attention
Causes of Conflict
Identity Ethnicity Territory Culture European colonialism
identity
Sense of belonging
Ethnicity
Grouping due to ethnic origins of features
Territory
Geographic area where a group resides can often lead to conflict if authority is not authorised properly
Culture
Shared beliefs, trades and practices of a group
European colonialism
Country borders were put in not considering for tribal/ethnic groups so people are forced to live together
What effect has the death of Gadhafi had on migration
People go through Niger
- The borders are now more porous as they are not controlled by government
- Agadez (Niger) is a major trading post from arms, drugs and humans
- by end of 2016 10 million reported migrants through Agadez
How many migrants enter 2000 each week
2000
Demographic change in Europe caused by Migration
- Migrants are young and with in the reproductive age
- 16/28 countries in the EU have dependency ratio over 50%
- Population is ageing
- Life expectancy is increasing
- Need some migration to maintain population
Issues in Europe before migration
- Strain on healthcare and social care
- Elderly are more dependent on others in everyday life
- Elderly are expensive for the government
- Pension crises
- economy shrinks due to less people being within the working age
How migration has affected Europe’s ageing population
- Majority of migrants are working age so help debt and pension crisis
- Proportion of elderly in host country falls
- Elderly priced out of homes
- Birth rate increases as migrants are reproductive age
UK
1/5 new jobs in British hospitality are taken by immigrants
Capacity in schools and hospitals is further stretched
Immigrants are free-riding on social structures built up over decades and for which they have not paid
Implications of high dependency ratio
Working population make more tax to support dependents
State pension may rise
More pressure on education/health services
Unemployment when young dependents become working age
Factors affecting migration rates
Germany- open borders (500,000 migrants accepted per year)- big economy and 12x more asylum applications than UK
UK- language and welfare system, NHS, education, better employment
Spain (low)- unemployment and no benefits
Greece (low)- lack of pull factors due to national debt
Great green wall
- Man made tree barrier
- 15 km wide and 7000km long
- aims to protect wildlife and soil quality
