CAUSES OF JAPANESE EXPANSIONISM Flashcards
TREATY OF KANAGAWA
1854
“revere the emperor, expel the barbarians”
1853 - 1868
- causes social + political polarisation
MEIJI RESTORATION
1868
5 ARTICLES
1868
ARMY MODERNISATION
1870s
“enrich the country, strengthen the military”
1870s
RESCRIPT ON SOLDIERS AND SAILORS
1882
MEIJI CONSTITUTION
1889
IMPERIAL RESCRIPT ON EDUCATION
1890
CIVIL CODE
1896
Article 1
1. private rights must conform to public welfare
2. exercise of rights and performance of duties
must be done in good faith
3. no abuse of rights is permitted
Article 2
this code must be constructed in accordance with
honouring the dignity of individuals and the essential
equality of both sexes
ideology + long term
FIRST SINO JAPANESE WAR
1894 - 1895
—- causation —-
1. economic issues
2. expansionism aims
3. diplomatic breach
4. japan’s military modernisation
—- results —-
1. china lost
2. treaty of shimonoseki 17/04/1895
a. liaodong peninsula –> japan
b. japan can influence formosa island (taiwain)
c. china pays reparations
d. japan as korean protectorate
long term + ideological + territorial
TRIPLE INTERVENTION
23/04/1895
russia, germany and france / britain takes the gains from the japanese victory over china
russia: took control of liaodong peninsula + port
arthur
germany: shandong province
france / britain: seized ports and cities whilst
increasing their sphere of influence
in the south
- this causes nationalistic resentments against the
western powers as they were belittled and treated
with such disrespect. - this anchored hate and tension for future events
- this lead to japan fearing isolation again hence the
anglo - japanese pact 1902
long term + political + nationalistic + territorial
PORTS AND RAILWAYS
- provides military services + aid
- convenient and fast transportation of resources
long term + territorial
RUSSO - JAPANESE WAR
1904 - 1905
1. Siege of Port Arthur August 1904
a. Russia loses 31,000 men
b. Russia surrenders in Jan 1905
- Battle of Mukden February 1905
a. Russia loses 90,000 men
b. Russian troops forced out of Southern Manchuria - Battle of Tsushima May 1905
a. Russian Baltic fleet destroyed <24hrs
b. Russia loses 4,000 men
c. 1/3 of Russian fleet destroyed
AS A RESULT:
i. Japan once again proves their military greatness
ii. Russia is aware of their under estimation of Japan
iii. Lead to Treaty of Portsmouth
long term + territorial + nationalism
TREATY OF PORTSMOUTH
1905, straight after Battle of Tsushima + mediated by
the US
JAPAN WANTED:
1. All of Sakhalin island
2. Indemnity (reparations)
3. Possession of Korea, Liaodong + Port Arthur
JAPAN WAS GIVEN:
1. 1/2 of Sakhalin island
2. a mere lease over the 2 ports
3. no reparations
4. Russian troops removed from Manchuria
5. Russia “recognises” Japanese influence over
Korea
AS A RESULT:
a. Japan once again felt discriminated and belittled
against
b. more national resentment and ultranationalistic
ideology evolving
long term + ideological + territorial
INVASION OF MANCHURIA
1931 - 1941
——— CAUSATION ——–
1. Machuria is rich in raw materials
2. Manchuria is an “annexed” state of Japan
3. Japan’s nationalistic ideology
4. Territorial + economic benefits
MUKDEN INCIDENT
SEPTEMBER 1931
1. Japan bombs the SMR and blames it on the
Chinese as “sabotage”
2. Kwantung army acts in unilateralism
3. This results in China appealing to the league
RESULTS
a. Japan refuses collective security as stated by the
League
b. Japan develops further nationalistic ideology
c. China boycotts Japanese imports (may 1928)
short term + territorial
LYTTON COMMITTEE + REPORT
DEC 1931 - 1932
a. A group of “representatives” that go to
Manchuria to inspect the bombing
b. Publishes a report in 1932 (a year after the
attack)
WHAT DID THEY THINK
i. Lytton commission rejected to recognise
Machuria as Manchukuo
ii. Reaffirms Chinese sovereignty over Manchuria
iii. Recommends Japanese troops withdraw from
Manchuria
iv. Recommend self government for Manchuria to
China
v. Unjustified Japanese army actions
–> this lead to Japan withdrawing from LON
diplomacy + short term
SHANGHAI INCIDENT
JAN 1932 - MAY 1932
- Shanghai was rioting against the invasion on
Manchuria- Japanese and Chinese people were getting killed
in the riot - China appeals to the league but they don’t do
anything - League mediated truce between the two
- China wasn’t allowed any troops in Shanghai but
the Japanese were - Increased Japanese aggression towards China
- Japanese and Chinese people were getting killed
short term + territorial
TANGGU TREATY
MAY 1933
- happened as a result of invasion in Manchuria
1. Manchuria is now recognised officially as
Manchuko
2. Jehol ceded to Japan secured in 4/03/1932
3. great wall of China controlled by Japanese
short term + territorial
KELLOG - BRIAND PACT
AUG 1928
1. negotiated with the US
2. not to use war to resolve “disputes or conflicts of
whatever nature”
3. Japan agrees to this
failure of diplomacy + long term
STIMSON DOCTRINE
JAN 1932
a. Retain open door policy
b. won’t recognise Machukuo
c. Japan broke the 9 power pact
d. US no longer bound by naval limits
diplomacy + short term
