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Module 7: Infectious Disease > Causes of Infectious Disease > Flashcards

Causes of Infectious Disease Flashcards

1
Q

def health

A

According to WHO “a state of complete mental physical and social wellbeing, and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity”

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2
Q

diff path types

A
  • prion
  • virus
  • bac
  • protozoa
  • fungi
  • macroparasite
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3
Q

path types nonliving

A
  • prion
  • virus
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4
Q

path types living

A
  • bac
  • prot
  • fungi
  • macroparasite
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5
Q

prion def + e.g.

A
  • Defective form of protein molecule not containing 🧬 or RNA
  • e.g. CJD (Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease) - caused by BSE prion

eat nerve tissue, prion proteins are not digested in the gut & can enter the 🩸stream, eventually reaching the 🧠

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6
Q

prion sz

A

10 nm

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7
Q

vir def + e.g.

A
  • Microscopic non-cellular infectious agents containing DNA, RNA, protective coating of protein
  • e.g. Polio caused by Human Polio Virus (HPV)

contagious via faecal-oral route - virus present in faeces of infected -> poor personal hygiene -> contaminated 💧 + 🍽️

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8
Q

vir sz

A

< 500 nm

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9
Q

bac def + e.g.

A
  • Unicellular, prokaryotic, microscopic pathogens with a nucleus containing DNA
  • e.g. TB - caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis

spread from 🧑🏻 to 👧🏻 through the air

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10
Q

bac sz

A

1 μm

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11
Q

prot def + e.g.

A
  • Eukaryotic unicellular organisms
  • e.g. Malaria - caused by Plasmodium sp.

parasite first travels to a human’s liver to grow and multiply

then travels into the 🩸stream and infects and destroys RBCs

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12
Q

prot sz

A

50-150 um

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13
Q

fungi def + e.g.

A
  • Single or multi-celled organisms that can survive outside a host, has nucleus + cell wall
  • e.g. Tinea (Athlete’s 🦶) - caused by Tinea pedis (a mould-like fungus)

Highly contagious disease which feeds on skin, causing itchy, smelling, flaking skin (usually from wet areas)

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14
Q

macrop def + e.g.

A
  • Eukaryotic multicellular organisms visible with naked 👀 (ecto = external, endo = internal)
  • e.g. Tapeworm disease - caused by Taenia saginata which causes malnutrition, diarrhoea & weight loss
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15
Q

fungi sz

A

4 μm (uni
cellular)
(check)

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16
Q

macrop sz

A

> 1mm

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17
Q

epidem disease case study

A

Ebola Virus Disease (EVD)
West Africa
2013-2016

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18
Q

origin of ebola

A
  • Handling wild animals (e.g. in the ⚫ market), e.g. fruit 🦇
  • In Dec 2013, in a small village in Guinea, the Ebola virus left its traditional host—probably a 🦇—and infected a young 👦🏻
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19
Q

ebola pathology
-> responsible path

A

caused by viruses in the Ebolavirus and Filoviridae families

  • Zaire ebolavirus species is 1 of the 5 species in the genus Ebolavirus & is the most fatal (contains 7 distinct proteins of large molecules arranged in a long, braided strand of negative RNA)
20
Q

ebola key sympt

A
  • Incubation period 2-21 days
  • Initial: Fever, fatigue, muscle pain, headache, sore throat
  • Severe: vomiting, rash, diarrhoea, impaired kidney + liver function, internal/external bleeding
21
Q

ebola transmission

A

Initially transmitted to human from an infected animal (vector), and continues to spread through a population by direct human-to-human contact (through broken skin or mucous membranes) - come in contact with bodily fluids

22
Q

adaptations of ebola

A

In early 2014, Ebola virus picked up a mutation called A82V, which made it worse at infecting 🦇 cells, but better at infecting 👨‍🦱 ones

A82V doubles the Ebola virus’s ability to infiltrate 👨‍🦱 cells

23
Q

environmental or societal factors that contributed to the spread of ebola

A
  • Population density (esp high density slum areas, markets, etc)
  • Highly mobile communities
  • Lack of Public Health infrastructure
  • Cultural beliefs and behavioural practices (e.g. burial ceremonies where mourners come into direct contact with the infected body, which can further spread the virus)
24
Q

ebola treatment? effectiveness?

A
  • Currently no cure
  • Patients supported with oral and intravenous fluids + treatment of specific symptoms
  • 2016 successful highly protective rVSV-ZEBOV vaccine but pricing/distribution is a problem
25
Q

ebola # affected and died
&
fatality rate

A

Killed 11,300 out of 28,600 infections

Severe, often fatal disease with average fatality rate 50%

26
Q

econ, health, edu impacts of ebola 2013-2016

A
  • According to 2014 projections from the WB, an estimated $2.2 bil was lost in 2015 in the GDP of Guinea, Liberia and Sierra Leone
  • 881 doctors, nurses, and midwives were infected with Ebola in West Africa (513 died)
  • Students who want to study abroad are being denied the opportunity to do so due to living in a country with the Ebola virus outbreak & all schools in Libera were closed (to prevent spread) but they don’t have the luxury of online learning = affect learning
27
Q

ebola control methods

A
  • In Sierra Leone, hospitals were shut down & quarantined & army soldiers sent house to house to find Ebola victims to then quarantine them, whole neighbourhoods roped off
  • To prevent cross-border transmission, travellers leaving West Africa were screened at airports
28
Q

aim of your microbial practical experiment?

A

To investigate the effectiveness of various 💧 treatment options on the growth of bac in 💧 samples

29
Q

components of your microbial prac exp?

A

take water sample containing the bacteria E. coli

💧 purification methods:
* chlorine
* charcoal
* antibiotic discs
* boiling ♨
* tea tree (🍵🌲)

30
Q

ind, dep, contr variables in your microbial prac exp?

A

ind - Method of filtration used
dep - Microbes present in sample
contr - Water source, agar jelly, incubation period/temp

31
Q

✍🏻 out the method of your microbial prac exp

A
32
Q

most effective 💧 filt technique?

A

chlorine (no bacteria dots)

33
Q

vert trans. of path

A

btwn mother and offspring during birth

34
Q

horiz trans. of path

A

btwn members of same generation

35
Q

non cellular path types

A
  • viruses
  • prions
36
Q

cellular path types divided into…

A

prokaryotic - bacteria
eukaryotic - protozoa, fungi

37
Q

modes of trans. of path

A
  • direct: host-to-host
  • indirect: e.g. infectious droplets suspended in air for long time
  • vehicle: inanimate object becomes contaminated
  • vector: living organism that carries a disease causing agent from one host to another in the life cycle of a pathogen
38
Q

vector

mechanical vs biological transmission

A
  • mech: an animal that carries a pathogen from one host to another without being infected itself
  • bio: when the pathogen reproduces within a biological vector that transmits the pathogen from one host to another
39
Q

koch’s 📮ulates

A
  • The microbe must be found in abundance in all those suffering from the disease, and not be found in healthy individuals
  • The microbe must be isolated from a diseased individual and grown in pure laboratory culture
  • The cultured microbe must be recorded to cause the disease if introduced into a healthy individual
  • The microbe must be re-isolated from this experimental host & shown to be identical to the originally isolated microbe
40
Q

limitations of koch’s 📮ulates

A
  • It was soon found that pathogens could be present in abundance in perfectly healthy people, which violates postulate 1 (e.g. Typhoid Mary - asymptomatic carrier of bacterium Salmonella Typhi that causes typhoid fever)
  • At that time, many pathogens either could not be found (viruses too small for scopes at that time) and/or could not be grown in pure culture. This made postulate No.2 useless.
  • Carrying out postulate No.3, even on willing volunteers, raised many ethical and moral questions about the entire process.
41
Q

status of koch’s 📮ulates 🕑day

A
  • Postulates no longer used in their literal sense (bc of limitations + development of modern technology offers new ways of identifying the pathogen of a new disease/strain)
  • However, this does not diminish their importance in history when modern microbiology, pathology + medicine were kick-startin
42
Q

prior to pasteur…

what did pasteur aim to prove?

A

‘spontaneous generation’ - living things came from non-living things

to demonstrate that microbes were air-borne and did not spontaneously generate

43
Q

Contributions of Louis Pasteur

A
  1. Disproved spontaneous generation
  2. Developed world’s first attenuated vaccine for anthrax, chicken cholera and rabies → revolutionised work in prevention of infectious diseases
  3. Demonstrated fermentation was caused by living organisms - 1858: Pasteur demonstrated fermentation was caused by living yeast
  4. Invented PASTEURisation
    Pasteur studied harmful effects of microorganisms on food + beverage → invented pasteurisation in 1862
    Involves heating liquid to high temperatures (60 and 100 degrees Celscius to kill microorganisms that cause spoilage or disease)
44
Q

adaptation =

A

a characteristic that enable an organism to be successful in a particular environment

45
Q

virulence =

A

the degree to which a pathogen causes disease

Module 7: Infectious Disease (4 decks)

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