causes, increased/decreased parameter

Question 1

causes of increased permeability of vessels due to non inflammatory causes

Answer 1

• increased hydrostatic pressure of blood
  
  • right sided heart fail
  • liver hypertenion, fail, cirrhosis
  • blockage of blood vessel
  • renal fibrosis
• decreased plasma colloid oncotic pressure
  
  • decreaseof plasma albumin
• impended lymphatic flow
• hormonal effect
  
  • aldosterone, ADH

Question 2

causes of increased permeability of vessels due to inflammatory causes

Answer 2

• bacterial toxins
• viral effects
• parasitic toxin
• inflammatory mediators

Question 3

causes of development of transudate

Answer 3

• increased vessel permeability
• increased hydrostatic pressure of blood
• decrease of plasma colloid oncotic pressure
• impended lymph flow
• hormonal effects

Question 4

causes of development of exudate

Answer 4

• increased permeabillity of vessels due to inflammatory cause
  
  • bacterial, viral, parasitic, inflammatory mediator
• increased migration of phagocytes
• increased proliferation of mesothelial cells
• increased production of inflammatory proteins

Question 5

major causes of septic exudates

Answer 5

• trauma of cavity wall
• proliferation and overgrowth of bacteria through walls of organs
  
  • pneumonia, ileus, pancreatitis, pyometra
• internal perforation of organs
  
  • esophageal, gastric, small intestines, gall bladder, urine bladder
• haematogenous or lymphatic spread of bacteria
  
  • actinomyces, actinobacillus, nocardiosis

Question 6

major causes of non septic exudates

Answer 6

• Virus - FIP
• parasites: toxocara, dirofilaria immitis/repens
• fungi: systemic mycosis on pleural wall
• rupture of gall bladder: bile pigments seen in cells
• urine bladder rupture
• secondary inflammation process due to neoplasms or tissue necrosis
• apperance of lymph: blockage of lymph vessels

Question 7

causes of development of modified transudates

Answer 7

• long term stasis of fluid in cavities cause necrosis on neighbour tissue - secondary inflammation
• in beginning of developing highly exudative process
• if blood appear in cavity: trauma, rupture, coagulopathy, thrombocytopathy, bleeding neoplasms
• neoplastic processes: carcinoma, adenocarcinoma, lymphoma,

Question 8

causes of neutrophil pleocytosis

Answer 8

• bacterial meningitis
• parasitic meningitis
• granulomatosus meningioencephalitis
• steroid responsive meningitis-arteritis

Question 9

cause of high eosinophil granulocyte count

Answer 9

eosinophilic meningioencephalitis

Question 10

causes of the proliferation of mixed cell population

Answer 10

• viral encephalitis - distemper, lymphocyte count above 80%
• GME: macrophages and neutrophils
• fungal encephalitis: mononuclear, neutrophil, eosinophil
• haed or spinal cord trauma: neutrophil
• toxoplasmosis: lymphocytes

Question 11

causes of increased lactate concentration

Answer 11

• bacterial meningitis
• subarachnoid bleeding
• ischemic attacks

Question 12

local and general consequences of ileus

Answer 12

local

• intestinal spasm onto irritant
• intestinal content not able to go aborally
  
  • putrefaction
  • water influx
• intestine empty behind ileus
  
  • walls stick together
• vessels copressed at site of ileus
• stagnant hypoxia
  
  • behind block of venous flow
• ischemic hypoxia
  
  • after block of arterial flow
• local anaerobic GL and lactic acidosis at site
  
  • tissue necrosis
  • bacteria out in abdomen
• fluid accumulation infront of block
  
  • water into abdomen

general

• water filtrated through vessels into abdomen
  
  • ascites, bacterial peritonitis
• vomiting due to antiperistalsis
• bacterial overgrowth
  
  • gr- endotoxins into blood: endotoxaemia, shock
  • gr + exotoxins: bacteraemia, sepsis, peritonitis
• dehydration
• hemmorhaghe in lumen - blood loss
• stress, adrenalin effect
  
  • intestinal atonia due to adrenalin
  • no stimulus for emptying gall bladder
• enlarged gall bladder
  
  • no anti endotoxic effect
• chronic cases: pancreatitis, liver damage
  
  • due to intestinal hypoxia and bacteria
• lactic acidosis
• hypovolemia, shock
• decreased renal function
• mixed acidosis
• hypokalaemia: muscle weakness, resp depresso
  
  • hyperkapnia, hypoxaemia, resp acidosis

Question 13

haematological changes in acute pancreatitis

Answer 13

• polycythaemia due to dehydration
• degradation of red blood cells: memebrane damage due to enzymes
• anemia: in chronic or severe cases
• leukocyosis
• neutophilia or penia, left shift
• leukemoid reaction

Question 14

increased alphaamylase in what cases

Answer 14

• acute ancreatitis
• acute, subacute kidney failiure
• FIP, other immune mediated diseases
• lymphoma, myeloma
• DM - macroamylasemia
• ileus
• gastric or intestinal perforation
• parotitis
• chronic enteritis

Question 15

increased lipase activity in case of

Answer 15

• acute pancreatitis
• acute, subacute kidney failiure
• ileus
• gastric or intestinal perforation
• chronic enteritis

Question 16

amylase and creatinin changes of pancreatitis

Answer 16

• urine amylase increase
• urine creatinin increase
• plasma amylase increase
• plasma creatinin dont change (may increase)

Question 17

amylase and creatinin changes in kidney failiure

Answer 17

• urine amylase decrease
• urine creatinin decrease
• plasma amylase increase
• plasma creatinine increase

Question 18

causes of increased Br 1 level in serum

Answer 18

• excess production of Br 1 due to increased RBC destruction
  
  • acute hemolysis
  • absorption of hemoglobin after large hemmorhage, haematoma - resorption icterus
  • transfusion of stored blood
• decreased uptake of Br1 from blood by liver cells
  
  • impaired hepatic function
  • acute hemolysis
• decreased rate of conjugation of Br1 by liver cell
  
  • impaired hepatic function

Question 19

causes of increased Br 2 in serum

Answer 19

• a few days after severe acute iv hemolysis
• decreased excretion from liver cells
  
  • impaired liver function
• obstruction of bile canniculi within liver
  
  • inflammation causing swelling
  • fibrosis
  • impaired hepatic function
• rupture of biliary vessels, duct or gall bladder

Question 20

causes of increased BSP retention

Answer 20

• primary liver fail
  
  • cirrhosis
  • tumor
  • lipidosis
  • lipid mobilisation syndrome
• decreased hepatic perfusion
  
  • right sided heart fail
  • portosystemic shunt
  • arteriole-venous fistula in liver
  • block of portal vessels
• other
  
  • decreased UDP-glucuronyl transferase activity in liver cells

Question 21

causes of increased bile acid level in blood

Answer 21

• liver injury, hepatic cell damage
  
  • increased outflow to blood of bile acids from liver cells
• bile duct obstruction or bile endothelial cel damage
  
  • decreased secretion of bile acids to bile
  • increased outflow to plasma
• decreased liver function, low uptake
• biliary stasis
• portosystemic shunt

Question 22

causes of decreased bile acid level in blood

Answer 22

• decreased absorption from intestines
  
  • intestinal wall damage
  • surgical removal of ileum
  • lymphangiectasia
• severe liver cirrhosis
  
  • decreased synthesis

Question 23

causes for blood urea concentration increase

Answer 23

prerenal

• GI:
  
  • increased protein intake
  • increased bacterial production / dysbacteriosis
  • rumen alkalosis / poor energy status
  • internal bleeding
• protein catabolism
  
  • starvation
  • haemolysis
  • hyperthyroidism
  • fever
  • (SIBO)
• perfusion
  
  • strangulation of A. Renalis
  • heart fail
  • dehydration
  • low BP
  • shock

renal

• embolism inside kidney
• CKD - fibrosis
• hypoplasia
• polycystic kidney disease
• amyloidosis
• kidney tumor
• glomerular nephritis
• NSAIDs

postrenal

• obstruction of kidney pelvis, urether, urethra, bladder
• rupture

Question 24

causes of blood urea decrease

Answer 24

• impaired liver function: decreased urea synth, increased NH3 level
• Haemodilution / hyperhydration
• decreased protein intake: starve, anorexia

Question 25

increased blood creatinine

Answer 25

prerenal

• muscle
  
  • rhabdomyolysis
  • rhabdomyosarcoma
  • trauma
  • myositis
  • necrosis
• GI: increased protein intake
• perfusion:
  
  • A. Renalis strangle
  • heart fail
  • dehydration, low BP, shock

renal

• embolism inside kidney
• CKD - fibrosis
• hypoplasia
• polycystic kidney disease
• amyloidosis
• kidney tumor
• glomerular nephritis
• NSAIDs

postrenal

• rupture of kidney, urether, bladder, urethra
• (obstruction do not cause!!)

Question 26

causes of decreased urine pH

Answer 26

• metabolic and respiratory acidosis: increased h excretion
• vomiting: Na+ reabsorbed wih HCO3, less hco3 in urine
• hypokalaemia: increased h excretion (na/k)
• acidic drugs
• distalis renalis tubularis acidosis: low hco3 excretion
• abomasal displacement
• toxicosis with acidifying agents

Question 27

what changes if there is liver damage

Answer 27

• decreased osmotic pressure
• increased ESR
• increased PT
• hormonal imbalance
• increased enzymes in blood
• coagulation disorders
• decreased TIBC - decreased transferrin synthesis

Question 28

causes of increased ammonia in the blood

Answer 28

• impaired liver function
  
  • decreased urea production
  • cirrosis
  • neoplasm
  • portosystemic shunt
  • lipidosis
• ruminal alkalosis - ammonia toxicosis
  
  • protein overload
  • intake of rotten feed
  • hypomotility
• intestinal overgrowth of ammonia producing bacteria
• congenital enzymopathy

Question 29

causes of increased AST

Question 30

causes of ALT increase

Answer 30

• liver
  
  • cirrosis
  • chronic active hepatitis
  • cholangiohepatitis
  • virus hepatitis
  • lipidosis
  • bile duct obstruction
  • tumor, neoplasm
  • GCC, NSAIDs
• other
  
  • pancreatitis
  • septicaemia
  • neoplasm
• cu storage disease
• haemolysis

Question 31

GLDH increase

Answer 31

• liver: svere damage that break mitochondria
  
  • cirrosis
  • cholangiohepatitis
  • chronic ative hepatitis
  • liver tumor
  • lipidosis
  • bile duct obstruction

Question 32

ALKP increase

Answer 32

• bone originated
  
  • young dogs, newborn, preggo
  • bone tumors: osteosarcoma
  • osteomyelitis
  • bone fractures, healing of fractures
• paraneoplastic: lymphoid, lung, hepatic tumours
• liver originated
  
  • cholestasis, intra/extra hepatic bile obstruction
  • bile acids
  • acute hepatic necrosis
  • liver cirrhosis
  • cholangitis
  • hepatic lipidosis
• drugs: barbiturates, salicylates
• increased SIAP: hyperadrenocorticism, chronic stress

Question 33

GGT increase

Answer 33

liver originated

• cholestasis, intra/extra hepatic bile obstruction
• bile acids
• acute hepatic necrosis
• liver cirrhosis
• cholangitis
• hepatic lipidosis
• drugs: barbiturates, ethanol

Question 34

causes of increased urine pH

Answer 34

• feeding carnivores: transient increase
  
  • slight metabolic alkalosis, compensated by kidneys
• UTI caused by urease producing bacteria
  
  • break down urea to ammonia
• metabolic and respiratory alkalosis: decreased H+ excretion
• proximal renal tubular acidosis: HCO3 excretion
• alkalizing substances, overload of bicarbonate or lactate infusion
• long storage time, urea decompose to ammonia
• cats stress