causes, increased/decreased parameter Flashcards
1
Q
causes of increased permeability of vessels due to non inflammatory causes
A
- increased hydrostatic pressure of blood
- right sided heart fail
- liver hypertenion, fail, cirrhosis
- blockage of blood vessel
- renal fibrosis
- decreased plasma colloid oncotic pressure
- decreaseof plasma albumin
- impended lymphatic flow
- hormonal effect
- aldosterone, ADH
2
Q
causes of increased permeability of vessels due to inflammatory causes
A
- bacterial toxins
- viral effects
- parasitic toxin
- inflammatory mediators
3
Q
causes of development of transudate
A
- increased vessel permeability
- increased hydrostatic pressure of blood
- decrease of plasma colloid oncotic pressure
- impended lymph flow
- hormonal effects
4
Q
causes of development of exudate
A
- increased permeabillity of vessels due to inflammatory cause
- bacterial, viral, parasitic, inflammatory mediator
- increased migration of phagocytes
- increased proliferation of mesothelial cells
- increased production of inflammatory proteins
5
Q
major causes of septic exudates
A
- trauma of cavity wall
- proliferation and overgrowth of bacteria through walls of organs
- pneumonia, ileus, pancreatitis, pyometra
- internal perforation of organs
- esophageal, gastric, small intestines, gall bladder, urine bladder
- haematogenous or lymphatic spread of bacteria
- actinomyces, actinobacillus, nocardiosis
6
Q
major causes of non septic exudates
A
- Virus - FIP
- parasites: toxocara, dirofilaria immitis/repens
- fungi: systemic mycosis on pleural wall
- rupture of gall bladder: bile pigments seen in cells
- urine bladder rupture
- secondary inflammation process due to neoplasms or tissue necrosis
- apperance of lymph: blockage of lymph vessels
7
Q
causes of development of modified transudates
A
- long term stasis of fluid in cavities cause necrosis on neighbour tissue - secondary inflammation
- in beginning of developing highly exudative process
- if blood appear in cavity: trauma, rupture, coagulopathy, thrombocytopathy, bleeding neoplasms
- neoplastic processes: carcinoma, adenocarcinoma, lymphoma,
8
Q
causes of neutrophil pleocytosis
A
- bacterial meningitis
- parasitic meningitis
- granulomatosus meningioencephalitis
- steroid responsive meningitis-arteritis
9
Q
cause of high eosinophil granulocyte count
A
eosinophilic meningioencephalitis
10
Q
causes of the proliferation of mixed cell population
A
- viral encephalitis - distemper, lymphocyte count above 80%
- GME: macrophages and neutrophils
- fungal encephalitis: mononuclear, neutrophil, eosinophil
- haed or spinal cord trauma: neutrophil
- toxoplasmosis: lymphocytes
11
Q
causes of increased lactate concentration
A
- bacterial meningitis
- subarachnoid bleeding
- ischemic attacks
12
Q
local and general consequences of ileus
A
local
- intestinal spasm onto irritant
- intestinal content not able to go aborally
- putrefaction
- water influx
- intestine empty behind ileus
- walls stick together
- vessels copressed at site of ileus
- stagnant hypoxia
- behind block of venous flow
- ischemic hypoxia
- after block of arterial flow
- local anaerobic GL and lactic acidosis at site
- tissue necrosis
- bacteria out in abdomen
- fluid accumulation infront of block
- water into abdomen
general
- water filtrated through vessels into abdomen
- ascites, bacterial peritonitis
- vomiting due to antiperistalsis
- bacterial overgrowth
- gr- endotoxins into blood: endotoxaemia, shock
- gr + exotoxins: bacteraemia, sepsis, peritonitis
- dehydration
- hemmorhaghe in lumen - blood loss
- stress, adrenalin effect
- intestinal atonia due to adrenalin
- no stimulus for emptying gall bladder
- enlarged gall bladder
- no anti endotoxic effect
- chronic cases: pancreatitis, liver damage
- due to intestinal hypoxia and bacteria
- lactic acidosis
- hypovolemia, shock
- decreased renal function
- mixed acidosis
- hypokalaemia: muscle weakness, resp depresso
- hyperkapnia, hypoxaemia, resp acidosis
13
Q
haematological changes in acute pancreatitis
A
- polycythaemia due to dehydration
- degradation of red blood cells: memebrane damage due to enzymes
- anemia: in chronic or severe cases
- leukocyosis
- neutophilia or penia, left shift
- leukemoid reaction
14
Q
increased alphaamylase in what cases
A
- acute ancreatitis
- acute, subacute kidney failiure
- FIP, other immune mediated diseases
- lymphoma, myeloma
- DM - macroamylasemia
- ileus
- gastric or intestinal perforation
- parotitis
- chronic enteritis
15
Q
increased lipase activity in case of
A
- acute pancreatitis
- acute, subacute kidney failiure
- ileus
- gastric or intestinal perforation
- chronic enteritis
