Causes and S/Sx

Question 1

Causes of Fluid Volume Deficit (FVD)

Answer 1

(DVHL&E)
- Diarrhea
- Vomiting
- Hemorrhage
- Laxatives and Enema

Question 2

Signs and symptoms of FVD

Answer 2

(WeDIDPOT)
- Weight loss
- Dry and concentrated urine/ oliguria
- Increased specific gravity/ decreased CVP
- Dry oral mucous membrane
- Poor skin turgor
- Orthostatic hypotension
- Tachypnea, Tachycardia

Question 3

Causes of Fluid Volume Excess (FVE)

Answer 3

(CRS)
- Congestive Heart Failure
- Renal failure
- SIADH

Question 4

Signs and symptoms of FVE

Answer 4

(WeNIDDR)
- Weight gain
- Neck vein engorgement/ JVD
- Increased cellular vein pressure (CVP)
- Dependent edema
- Dyspnea, orthopnea
- Rales/ crackle

Question 5

Causes of HYPONATREMIA

Answer 5

(BLADDAS)
- Burn
- Low sodium diet
- Ascites
- Diarrhea
- Diuresis
- Addison’s disease
- SIADH

Question 6

Signs and symptoms of HYPONATREMIA

Answer 6

(TaCHMID/C)
- Tremors and convulsion
- Headache
- Muscle twitching
- Irritability
- Disorientation/ confusion

Question 7

Causes of HYPERNATREMIA

Answer 7

(HDDI)
- High sodium diet
- Dehydration
- Diabetes Insipidus

Question 8

Signs and symptoms of HYPERNATREMIA

Answer 8

(TODDD)
- THIRST (Initial)
- Oliguria
- Dry oral mucous membrane
- Dry/ rubbery skin turgor
- Dry tongue

Question 9

Causes of HYPOKALEMIA

Answer 9

(SL&DAPP)
- Severe vomiting
- Laxatives and diuretics
- Alkalosis
- Prolonged gastric suctioning
- Potassium-wasting diuretics

Question 10

Signs and symptoms of HYPOKALEMIA

Answer 10

(MFANPD)
- Muscle weakness
- Fatigue
- Anorexia
- Paralytic ileus/ constipation
- Diminished pulse/ Deep tendon reflex

Question 11

ECG changes in HYPOKALEMIA

Answer 11

(PID)
- Pathologic U wave
- Inverted T wave
- Diminished QRS wave

Question 12

Causes of HYPERKALEMIA

Answer 12

(RAP)
- Renal Failure
- Acidosis
- Potassium-sparing diuretics

Question 13

Early Sign/s of HYPERKALEMIA

Answer 13

(PID)
- Paresthesia
- Irritability
- Diarrhea

Question 14

Late Sign/s of HYPERKALEMIA

Answer 14

Muscle weakness

Question 15

Other Sign/s of HYPERKALEMIA

Answer 15

NMT
- Nausea and vomiting
- Muscle twitching
- Tremors

Question 16

Causes of HYPOCALCEMIA

Answer 16

(HALA)
- Hypoparathyroidism
- Alkalosis
- Low calcium diet
- Alcoholism

Question 17

Signs and symptoms of HYPOCALCEMIA

Answer 17

(PareTT&CIDD/C,CT)
- Paresthesia
- Tetany
- Tremors and Convulsion
- Increased deep tendon reflex
- Diarrhea
- Disorientation/ confusion
- Chvostek’s sign (Positive)
- Trousseau’s sign (Positive)

Question 18

Causes of HYPERCALCEMIA

Answer 18

(2H)
- High calcium diet
- Hyperparathyroidism

Question 19

Signs and symptoms of HYPERCALCEMIA

Answer 19

(MFANPD) (Same as Hypokalemia)
- Muscle weakness
- Fatigue
- Anorexia
- Nausea and vomiting
- Paralytic ileus/ constipation
- Decreased bowel sounds

Question 20

Causes of HYPOMAGNESEMIA

Answer 20

(CLaMPd)
- Chronic alcoholism
- Laxative abuse
- Marasmus
- Prolonged diarrhea

Question 21

Neuromuscular signs of HYPOMAGNESEMIA

Answer 21

(3Ts) (Same as Hypocalcemia)
- Tetany
- Twitching
- Tremors

Question 22

Other signs of HYPOMAGNESEMIA

Answer 22

(PareLC&S,CT) (Same as Hypocalcemia)
- Paresthesia
- Leg cramps
- Convulsions and seizures
- Chvostek’s sign (positive)
- Trousseau’s sign (positive)

Question 23

Cause/s of HYPERMAGNESEMIA

Answer 23

Renal Failure

Question 24

Signs and symptoms of HYPERMAGNESEMIA

Answer 24

(>BURP)
- Increased BP
- Increased Urine output
- Increased Respiratory rate
- Increased Pulse rate