Causes And Effects

Question 1

Portuguese Exploration

Answer 1

Because Portugal was relatively poor, they were the most prominent in search of new lands and places to trade with or to exploit for resources. They organized sugar plantations in Palestine and the Mediterranean islands, and more in the later years to come.

Question 2

Technology of Exploration

Answer 2

Advances in technology were a must for Europeans to be able to navigate the oceans. This included sturdier ships, sails that caught wind from all sides, compasses and astrolabes, and knowledge of winds and currents and the strategy of volta do mar, created by the Portuguese where instead of fighting against the trade winds, you sail through the westerly winds and turn east.

Question 3

Portuguese Trading Posts

Answer 3

The Portuguese goal was not to conquer territories but to control trade routes, forcing merchant vessels to pay duties at trading sites. Ships without the appropriate passes could have their cargoes taken. Eventually, however, due to lack of vessels to enforce these consequences, the Portuguese lost their hold in the Indian Ocean and the trading world.

Question 4

English and Dutch Trading Posts

Answer 4

These nations conducted trade through a joint-stock company, which enabled investors to realize profits without incurring a risk to their investments. The English East India Company and the Dutch United East India Company (VOC) experienced immediate financial success.

Question 5

Columbian Exchange

Answer 5

The global diffusion of plants, food crops, animals, human populations, and diseases that were incurred by global exploration. It set off a round of biological exchanges that permanently changed the world’s human geography and environment. Diseases killed many indigenous peoples who lacked the required immunities to defend against them. New species of plants and animals were introduced to different places around the world. Populations rose because of the increased nutritional value of diets with the new species of plants and animals.

Question 6

Effects of Global Trade

Answer 6

Hunting of fur-bearing animals drove many species into extinction.

Question 7

1478- Spanish Inquisition

Answer 7

Created by Fernando and Isabel to get rid of those who practiced Judaism. The inquisitors were very ruthless to they suspected to be Jews.

Question 8

1517- Martin Luther’s Ninety Five Theses

Answer 8

Challenged the Catholic church and the sale of indulgences. His rebellion helped lead to the Protestant Reformation

Question 9

1530s- Protestant Reformation

Answer 9

People began to challenge the catholic church and rebel against it. People began to seek a closer relationship with God. Some of the main reformers in the 1500’s were Martin Luther and John Calvin.

Question 10

1530s- Calvinism

Answer 10

John Calvin agreed with many of Martin Luther’s statements but not all of them so he created his own religion. Calvinism believed in predestination and that only the “elect” would gain salvation.

Question 11

1530s- King Henry XIII creates Anglican Church

Answer 11

He wasn’t able to divorce his wife so he broke off from the Catholic church and created the Anglican Church so he could divorce her. He made himself the supreme ruler over the church giving himself even more power.

Question 12

1545-1563- Council of Trent

Answer 12

It was a super long council when all of the bishops, cardinals and other important leaders of the church got together to help reform Catholicism, to help protestants come back to the church. They defined their beliefs in more detail and priests would be better prepared for their duties.

Question 13

1540- St Ignatius Loyola founds Society of Jesus

Answer 13

He was injured in battle and read the Bible and other spiritual books as he recovered. He decided to found the Society of Jesus, also known as the Jesuits who were very dedicated to missionary work and helped the Roman church out a lot.

Question 14

1618-1648- Thirty Years’ War

Answer 14

A religious war that started when the Roman Catholic Church got upset at the Bohemians for leaving and forced them to come back. Many other countries were involved as well. It was the most destructive conflict before the twentieth century.

Question 15

1648- Peace of Westphalia

Answer 15

A series of peace treaties signed between May and October 1648 that ending the European wars of religion. These treaties ended the Thirty Years’ War (1618–1648) in the Holy Roman Empire, and the Eighty Years’ War (1568–1648) between Spain and the Dutch Republic, with Spain formally recognizing the independence of the Dutch Republic. The treaties did not restore peace throughout Europe, but they did create a basis for national self-determination.

Question 16

1642-1649- English Civil War

Answer 16

Basically a war between Parliament and loyalists to the crown. Parliament ended up winning, beheading Charles I, and exiling his son Charles II. Oliver Cromwell was put in his place. It was sort of a war between Protestantism and Roman Catholicism. King Charles (married a Catholic woman from France) vs Parliament (Church of England). The power went into Parliament’s hands and the belief in the divine right of kings was thrown out the window. England also became a Republic.

Question 17

1688-1689- Glorious Revolution

Answer 17

The Glorious Revolution, also called the Revolution of 1688, was the overthrow of King James II of England (James VII of Scotland) by a union of English Parliamentarians with the Dutch stadtholder William III of Orange.

Religious and political conflicts between Parliament and the monarch of England caused the Glorious Revolution. It resulted in increased powers for Parliament, more independence in the American colonies and the Protestant domination of Ireland.

Question 18

(1550-1700) Scientific Revolution

Answer 18

The emergence of modern science during the early modern period. The effects of the Scientific Revolution helped pave the road for the period known as the enlightenment. Causes: Renaissance encouraged curiosity, investigation, discovery, modern day knowledge. Caused people to question old beliefs. During the era of the Scientific Revolution, people began using experiments and mathematics to understand mysteries. Effects: New discoveries were made, old beliefs began to be proven wrong.

Question 19

Absolute monarchy

Answer 19

Absolutism stood on a belief of the divine right of kings. Rebellion against kings meant blasphemy against God.

Question 20

Capitalism

Answer 20

Private markets make their goods and services available on a free market.

Question 21

Putting-Out System

Answer 21

Rather than relying on urban artisans, entrepreneurs would deliver unfinished materials to rural households, where the people there would assemble clothes and other products, then to be picked up by those entrepreneurs to be sold in the city. It represented an early effort to organize industrial production, an age some refer to as protoindustrialization.

Question 22

Serfdom

Answer 22

a system of labor where the landlords had peasants working on their land. The peasants had to get permission from their landowner to move away or get married.

Question 23

Ptolemaic Universe

Answer 23

The belief that heavenly bodies in the sky were pure and did not change, and that they followed perfect circular paths revolving around the Earth.

Question 24

Copernican Universe

Answer 24

The sun is the center of the universe, and not the Earth. This was met with contempt, as it threatened the Christian understanding of the world.

Question 25

1494- Treaty of Tordesillas

Answer 25

Portugal was able to establish a presence in Brazil because of this treaty. Spain and Portugal agreed that anything west of the Cape Verde islands would be ruled by Spain and anything east would be ruled by Portugal. Colonization was then quickly subsidized in Brazil to prevent the Dutch and English explorers from seizing control.

Question 26

1518- small pox reaches the Carribean

Answer 26

Caused devastating epidemics to people in he western hemisphere. Native populations decrease from millions to a few thousand. To replace lost laborers, settler raiding parties kidnapped and enslaved the Taino people.

Question 27

1519- Spanish Conquest of Mexico

Answer 27

The conquest of Mexico started with the search for gold in the Americas. Cortes led his soldiers to Mexico, seized the emperor Motecuzoma II, and with the aid of Dona Marina, the conquistadors managed to form an alliance with people who resented domination by the Aztec empire. Eventually because of epidemics and Pizarro, Spain was able to conquer Mexico.

Question 28

1580s- African Slave trade

Answer 28

A main cause of the trade was the colonies that European countries were starting to develop. … On the other hand, Africans bear some responsibility themselves: some African societies had long had their own slaves, and they cooperated with the Europeans to sell other Africans into slavery. Effects: African population experienced an increase in weapons trading that caused an increase between African people’s. Also an offset in male to female ratio. Population decrease initially but due to American foods, and increased technology, ultimately became a population increase. Effects in Caribbean and Americas - Colonization became profitable due to huge plantation production, created Social hierarchy. Slave colonies often revolted and formed their own colony such as Haiti.

Question 29

1680- Pueblo Revolt

Answer 29

Several native groups in northern Mexico resist Spanish rule by attacking missions, killing priests and colonists, and driving Spanish settlers out of the region for twelve years. Eventually these uprisings were suppressed by the Spanish.

Question 30

1754-1763- French and Indian War in North America

Answer 30

A conflict in North America that merged with the Seven Years’ War; British and French armies make separate alliances with native people in an effort to out-maneuver each other in the New World.

Question 31

Mestizo

Answer 31

Child born of one white parent, the other African, Latino, or Native

Question 32

Peninsulars

Answer 32

Peninsular, Spanish Peninsular, plural Peninsulares, also called Gachupín, or Chapetón, any of the colonial residents of Latin America from the 16th through the early 19th centuries who had been born in Spain. The name refers to the Iberian Peninsula.

Question 33

Creoles

Answer 33

A person of mixed European and black descent, especially in the Caribbean.

Question 34

Mulatto

Answer 34

Offspring of an African and European

Question 35

Nature of multicultural societies

Answer 35

Most European societies became multicultural communities where people of varied ancestry lived together under Euro-American dominance. Migration to the Iberian and Portuguese colonies were mostly men. Because of the small amount of women, Spanish and Portuguese migrants married indigenous women creating an increasingly mestizo community.

Question 36

Order of Social Hierarchy

Answer 36

Peninsulares, Criollos, Mestizos, Mulattoes, Zambos, slaves and conquered peoples

Question 37

Sexual Hierarchy

Answer 37

Social order highly privileged men. Commonly the ratio of men to women in a given community either enhanced or limited women’s choices. Women laborers perfomed labors such as food prep, laundering, weaving. The most disadvantaged women were black, mulatta, and zamba slaves.

Question 38

Silver Mining

Answer 38

Concentrated around 2 parts: Mexican north - Zacatecas, and central Andes - Potosi. Created huge population migration around the area (population of 150,000 people in 1600). Used the mita system (recruited workers for difficult and dangerous chores that free laborers wouldn’t accept). Wages were extremely small and conditions terribly bad for these workers. Silver empowered the Spanish and Portuguese empires, which used them to trade with Asian countries.

Question 39

Fur trade

Answer 39

Began when fishermen in the north bartered for trade with natives. Trade went mostly to Europe where fur had high demand. Effects: American beaver populations declined so fast that native trappers started hunting in other tribal areas. Caused conflict with NA’s which frequently led to war between different tribes such as the Iroquois vs Hurons in the Beaver Wars. Also created conflicts between European nations where the natives frequently allied themselves to different sides.