Cause of Protests

Question 1

Economic

Answer 1

Underlying Cause:
- Pilgrimage of Grace - poor harvests between 1534 and 1535
- Chartists - poor harvest and corn laws
- Magna Carta - scutage tax
- American revolution - stamp act
Made worse by government action and made people more open to ideologies offering solutions

Question 2

Government Action

Answer 2

Fundamental Cause:
- Magna Carta - closure of Kings Bench
- English Civil War - 11-year tyranny
- Chartists - limitations of the Great Reform Act
- Brixton Riots - laws discriminating against minorities
At start of period caused by unpopular laws and arbitrary ruling, by the end of the period caused by government inaction causing frustration at lack of progress. Highlights importance of ideologies toward end of the period.

Question 3

Religion

Answer 3

Rarely a Key Cause:
- Pilgrimage of Grace - Henry’s break with Rome
- English Civil War - High Anglican views vs Puritans (new prayer book)
- 19th Century Reformers - Lord Shaftsbury and William Wilberforce (Quakers)
Only important really between reformation and the enlightenment. As secularism grew religion became less important but still influenced some individuals

Question 4

Individuals

Answer 4

Increasingly important Cause:
- Simon de Montfort - led a civil war against Henry III
- 20th Century Women - Millicent Fawcett, Pankhurst and Davidson
- 1984 Miner Strike - Arthur Scargill vs. Margret Thatcher
Essential in organizing movements as they become more widespread due to improvements in communication. Still important earlier in the time period by convincing those with existing grievances to act.

Question 5

War and Violence

Answer 5

Frequent Cause at Start More Sporadic at End:
- Magna Carta - war with France lost Normandy
- American Revolution - 7-year war with France
- 1926 General Strike - impact of WWI
Contributed due to creation of demand for revenue which made Kings and Govts create new taxes or resulted in high unemployment

Question 6

Ideology

Answer 6

Increasingly Important:
- English Revolution - Divine Right of Kings and Role of MPs
- American Revolution - No taxation without representation / Declaratory Act 1766
- Peterloo and Chartists - voting rights
- 20th Century Women - voting rights
One key ideological struggle was who had the right to have a say in governing the country, began with Barons against the King then turned to working class trying to achieve a vote along with women.

Question 7

Communication and Organization

Answer 7

Contributory Cause:
- American Revolution - Thomas Paine with Common Sense
- Social Reformers - 300,000 boycott West Indian Sugar + Petitions (1/4 of Manchester)
- 19th Century Workers - Trades Union Congress formed in 1868
Helped to spread ideologies and voice discontent about changes, generating awareness and creating a more widespread movement. Printing press resulted in this factor becoming more influential and this was exacerbated by the growth of the rail network.

Question 8

Chance

Answer 8

Rarely an Important Cause:
- Peasants Revolt - Black Death killed 50% of the population + Statute of Labourers
- Pilgrimage of Grace - poor harvest of 1534 and 1535
- 20th Century Women - impact of First World War
Created the circumstances that caused economic problems to arise or offered opportunities for discontented groups to act on other grievances.