Causation

Question 1

Actual Cause - multiple causes

Answer 1

But-for causation

i. Acceleration (if not for D’s conduct, would the harm have occurred when it did?)
ii. Concurrent Sufficient Causes
1. CL: Substantial factor test
2. MPC: “death from two mortal blows”
iii. Intervening Cause
1. Dependent or independent?
a. Dependent: liable unless IC is extremely bizarre
b. Independent: not liable unless IC is foreseeable

Question 2

Causation CL

Answer 2

Two components:

1. Actual 
2. Proximate

Question 3

Causation MPC

Answer 3

Only defines actual causation but subsumes matters of proximate causation into issues of culpability

Question 4

Accomplice

Answer 4

1. Actually aids, counsels, or encourages the principal

2. With the intent to assist the principal and the intent that the principal commit the crime