Causality

Question 1

What is Causality (Scientific)

Answer 1

• X number of causes for Y
• The occurrence of X makes the occurrence of Y more probable
• Infer that X causes Y

Question 2

What are the 3 conditions for Causality?

Answer 2

1. Concomitant Variation: Move together as predicted in Hypothesis
2. Time Order of Occurrence: X must happen before Y
3. Absence of other Causal Factors: Cause X should be the only causal explaination

Question 3

What are some extraneous variables?

Answer 3

• Selection Bias
• Poorly Designed Stimuli
• Maturation / Mortality
• Main testing effect
• Interactive testing effect
• Instrumentation
• Statisical regression

Question 4

What are some ways to control extraneous variables?

Answer 4

• Randomisation
• Matching
• Statistical control
• Design Control

Question 5

Pre experimental designs

Answer 5

One Shot: X 0(1)

One Group pretest -posttest: O(1) X O(2)

Static: EG: X 0(1) (Not random)
CG: O(2)

Question 6

True experimental designs

Answer 6

Post test-Only:  EG:  X 0(1)  (Not random)
            CG:     O(2)
Pretest-Posttest Control Group Design:
 EG:  O(1)  X 0(2)  (Not random)
CG:  O(3)      0(4)

Quasi: Event study (Not true)

Question 7

Improve internal validity

Answer 7

Experimental design at the top, then True experimental, statistical, then pre and quasi-experimental.

Question 8

Improve external validity

Answer 8

Field and Match, then Lab and Don’t match.